英语中的直接引语和间接引语

直接引语与间接引语
一． 基本概念
1、直接引语：一字不改地引述别人的话 He said,“I am a student．”(带引号)
2．间接引语：用说话人自己的话转述别人的话 He said he was a student．
二． 直接引语变间接引语（一）（人称变换规则同下）
1．如果直接引语所在的句中的谓语动词是现在时或将来时态,改为间接引语时,时态不变.
Eg.He says “I didn’t go to school today.”
He says that he didn’t go to school that day .
2．如果直接引语讲述的是客观真理现象,改为间接引语时,其一般现在时不变.
Eg.The teacher said ,“The earth is round .”
The teacher said that the earth is round .
三．直接引语变间接引语（二）
1．如果说话时间与引述时间不同,即引述某人过去说过的话,则动词时态要作相应的变化即动词时态一律向过去推移一步.（主句为过去式时）
2．变换规则（指的是间接引语中的从句部分）
（1）人称的变化 ------ 一随主,二随宾,三不变
（2）指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
1〉指示代词的变化
this---- that these----those
2〉时间状语的变化
now---- then,ago---- before,today----that day,yesterday----the day before,tomorrow----the next day,the day before yesterday----two days before,the day after tomorrow----two days later,next week/month,etc.---- the next week/month,etc.last week/month,etc.---- the week/month before
3〉地点状语的变化
here----there
4〉动词的变化
come----go
（3）时态的变化
1〉一般现在时-------一般过去时
2〉现在进行时-------过去进行时
3〉现在完成时-------过去完成时
4〉一般过去时-------过去完成时
5〉过去完成时-------过去完成时
6〉一般将来时-------过去将来时
四．变换类型
1．直接引语为陈述句
直接引语为陈述句,用that引导（口语中可以省略）.
e．g．直接引语：The teacher told the students,“I will give you a surprise． ”
间接引语：The teacher told the students that she would give them a surprise．
2．直接引语为疑问句（1）
直接引语为一般疑问句时,由whether或if引导,用陈述句的语序
e．g．直接引语：He said to us,“Are you going away today?”
间接引语：He asked us whether/if we were going away that day．
直接引语为疑问句（2）
直接引语为特殊疑问句时,其关联词用相应的疑问代词或疑问副词,其后用陈述语序
e．g．直接引语：She asked,“Who will help me finish the job?”
间接引语：She asked who would help her finish the job．
e．g．直接引语：He asked,“What have you done?”
间接引语：He asked what I had done．
直接引语为疑问句（3）
直接引语为选择疑问句,变为间接引语时应用whether…or…
e．g．直接引语：“Do you like tea or coffee?” she asked me.
间接引语：She asked me whether I liked tea or coffee．
3．直接引语为祈使句
直接引语为祈使句,变为间接引语时将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式.它的否定是在to前加not.它没有时态的变化.其他的变化和直接引语是陈述句的情况相同.
e．g．直接引语：I said to her,“Please give me a glass of water.”
间接引语：I asked her to give me a glass of water．
直接引语：He said,“Don’t make so much noise,boys.”
间接引语：He told the boys not to make so much noise.
4．直接引语为感叹句
直接引语若是感叹句,变为间接引语时多采用宾语从句结构,即可用what或how引导,也可用that引导
e．g．直接引语：“ What a clever boy you are!” ,my teacher said to him.
间接引语：My teacher told him what a clever boy he was.
My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy.