讲一下高中英语中独立主格题

独立主格结构
（一）：独立主格的概念
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成.这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”.
（二）：独立主格的功能
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句.众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句.而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,因此成为独立主格结构.其实,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用.如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用.
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等.例如：
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了.
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶.
2） 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功.
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行.
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的.
4） 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体.(=Almost all metals are good conductors,
and silver is the best of all.)
（三）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+名词
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成.
（四） 独立主格结构的特点：
(1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.
2）名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系.
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.
举例：（一）
1) 名词/代词+形容词
The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.
It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.
2） 名词/代词+现在分词
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了.
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步.
The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后,我们结束了会议.
3） 名词/代词+过去分词
“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.
4） 名词/代词（主格）+不定式
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合,队伍十一点准时出发.
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世.
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工,他擦窗户,我扫地.
The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家.
5） 名词/代词+介词短语
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林.
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
6） 名词/代词+副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
7） 名词/代词+名词
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒.
（二）
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中.
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你.
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家.
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家.
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了.
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
2. With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构.
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised【raising亦可】.
典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构.当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导.由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词）,也不用复数.但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his).
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,用现在分词表主动,用过去分词表被动.
He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他握着拳头,眼睛直视地躺在那儿.
解析：拳头被握所以用过去分词表被动,眼睛直视是主动的所以用现在分词表示来修饰.
注意：不可断章取义地根据动词是否为及物动词来判断是否采用过去分词或现在分词!
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句. 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句.能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构.据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为：名词+分词. 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B.
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可.