英语翻译

英语翻译
The making of parchment and later of paper was a natural outcome of the university and the necessity for manuscripts and books.A very considerable number of the uses to which dressed skins and hides can be put were familiar to the traders in ancient Oxford,but probably none were more important than that of parchment-making,which must have been an industry from the earliest times.The first year that can be stated as one in which a 'Studium Generale' existed in Oxford is 1180,and in that year there is evidence of parchment makers in the town.(fn.7) This parchment-making continued through many centuries,and parchment sellers were still fairly common in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.It is indeed from Tudor times that the industry of paper-making must be dated,(fn.8) and Cecil was an ardent advocate of schemes for the manufacture of this product.(fn.9) Macpherson,in his Annals of Commerce,(fn.10) would place the date of white paper-making at the end of the seventeenth century,but it is certain that paper for books was made at Wolvercote Mill as early as 1666.(fn.11) It is a recognized fact that the manufacture of paper in England was largely due to the French immigrants at a later period,for they had learnt the art in Angoulême,but it would appear that Wolvercote Mill continued to carry on the business successfully from the time of its foundation without any alien interference,though at that period there were many Frenchmen in Oxford.At the beginning of the nineteenth century paper-mills were working at Eynsham,Wolvercote,and Sandford under the management of Mr.Swann.Later on in the same century paper for industrial purposes was also made at Sandford,Shiplake,Oxford,and Henley.