英语翻译

英语翻译
Defining the poverty line:A political queastion
Poverty is an enduing problem that must be addressed by all modern societiesIn fact,some ethicists say a civilization can be judged by how well it treats its least fortunate.By this measure,the United states has much to be proud of.On a national level,the United states has done remarkable work to decrease the suffering of the poor by subsidizing food,housing,and education,and even by giving money directly to those who need it the most.Still,even in the public sector,projects have to be evaluated to see if they are effective.No one can measure the benefits of aid without defining what poverty is,and when someone has been lifted out of it.This leads to one very political question:How exactly should poverty be measured?
The question of poverty is extrenely complex.Should it be considered absolute-as a simple matter of the availability of food and shelter-or should it be relative to the goods and services enjoyed by the society as a whole?In other words,if a person can afford a DVD player but not to live in a safe neighbor-hood,is that person poor?Certainly something as fluid as the economy can affect any number of forces to cause financial suffering—sometimes quite suddenly.Still,according to our federal government,there is a specific measure,the “poverty line”that answers the queastion.Such a measure was devised in 1963 by government economist Mollie Orshansky,then working for the Social Security Administration under the jurisdiction of the Office of Management and Budgest.
Orshansky’s statistical measurement was one small part of the federal government’s plan to attack the difficult national economic conditions that were hurting millions of Americans in the early 1960s.President Lyndon Johnson,labeled the plan government’s “War on Poverty”,and it led to such national poverty threshold from a Department of Agriculture study outlining the cost of nutritionally adequate meals.
From the Agiculture study,Orshansky took the most economic and healthy meal design she could find.She then estimated statistically that the average American family in the 1950s spent approximately one-third of its household income on food;from there,she multiplied by there the cost of the most economically efficient,nutritional diet.This multiplier effect,in theory,produced the level of pre-tax household income at or below which a family should be considered poor.Orshansky’s calculation was distributed for use across the government,and the measure came to be known as the poverty line.It has been scaled every year for inflation,and it is adjustable to household size.Govern the decades-old origins of this measure and the limited data available to Orshansky at the time;it is fair to wonder if her standard is still accurate.
Studies show that it is not.While families today spend about 12 percent of their income on food-nowhere near the 33 percent assumed in the 1950s-the cost of important budget items,such as housing,transportation,and health care,has increased traumatically.Orshansky’s poverty measure,which only takes into account the ability of a household to provide itself with food,is missing several essential components to be accurate in modern society.With over $60 billion in federal aid tied each year to this guideline,not to mention an additional $260 billion in Medicaid spending,the fact is many Americans are still falling deeper into poverty and failing to receive the aid they so desperately need and deserve.