句型分析：主干是什么,修饰成分有哪些,充当什么成分,尽量详细一点,He had done a few days' navvy work when he could get it,and he had run around the Domain in the early mornings to get his legs in shape.

1.He had done a few days' navvy work when he could get it, 第一并列分句 and he had run around the Domain in the early mornings to get his legs in shape.第二并列分句
2.He had done a few days' navvy work主句 when he could get it时间状语从句
3.He主语 had done谓语动词 a few days' navvy work宾语；其中a few days' navvy是名词 work的定语
4. when引导词 he主语 could get谓语动词 it宾语
5.and连接词 he主语 had run谓语动词 around the Domain地点状语 in the early mornings时间状语 to get his legs in shape.目的状语；其中，get是动词 his legs是宾语 in shape是宾补

翻译：他感到没有力气，并且疼痛。粉碎手指的疼痛警告他，即使他能找到挖掘的工作，至少要一个星期他才可以紧握镐柄和铁铲。 that 后面是宾语从句，最后一句

这是个并列复杂句,由and作为连接词.
先看and前面的那一句,“He had done a few days' navvy work when he could get it”是一个过去完成时态的时间状语从句（由于不知道句子的上下文,无从判断是否为假设句,若是假设句则为过去式）,这个句子的主干为“He had done a few days' navvy work ”,主语“He”,谓语“had done”（do的过去完成时）,宾语“a few days' navvy work ”其中navvy work为宾语的核心词,a few days'为前置定语,修饰navvy work；之前说过这是个时间状语从句,由when引导,从句的结构比较简单“主谓宾”结构没加任何修饰成分——“he could get it”
and后面为“he had run around the Domain in the early mornings to get his legs in shape”主干为“he had run ”——主谓结构,其他均为修饰成分."around the Domain"为地点状语,“in the early mornings”为时间状语,“to get his legs in shape”为目的状语,均修饰谓语“had run”,表明主语“he”跑步的时间,地点和锻炼目的.
此长句的翻译为“在他身体还可以的时候,他参加了几天海军.那个时候,他会每天绕着领地晨跑,来塑造腿型”