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Geography of Venice
The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wood piles,which were imported from the mainland.(Under water,in the absence of oxygen,wood does not decay.It is petrified as a result of the constant flow of mineral-rich water around and through it,so that it becomes a stone-like structure.) The piles penetrate a softer layer of sand and mud until they reach the much harder layer of compressed clay.Wood for piles was cut in the most western part of today's Slovenia,resulting in the barren land in a region today called Kras,and in two regions of Croatia,Lika and Gorski kotar (resulting in the barren slopes of Velebit).Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion.The foundations rest on the piles,and buildings of brick or stone sit above these footings.The buildings are often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic between autumn and early spring.
Six hundred years ago,Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city.This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.
During the 20th century,when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry,Venice began to subside.It was realized that extraction of the aquifer was the cause.This sinking process has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s.However,the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (so-called Acqua alta,"high water") that creep to a height of several centimeters over its quays,regularly following certain tides.In many old houses the former staircases used by people to unload goods are now flooded,rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.Many Venetians have resorted to moving up to the upper floors and continuing with their lives.
Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking,[12][13] but this is not yet certain; therefore,a state of alert has not been revoked.In May 2003 the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico),an experimental model for evaluating the performance of inflatable gates; the idea is to lay a series of 79 inflatable pontoons across the sea bed at the three entrances to the lagoon.When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres,the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic sea.This engineering work is due to be completed by 2011.
Some experts say that the best way to protect Venice is to physically lift the City to a greater height above sea level,by pumping water into the soil underneath the city.[14] This way,some hope,it could rise above sea levels,protecting it for hundreds of years,and eventually the MOSE project may not be necessary (it will,controversially,alter the tidal patterns in the lagoon,damaging some wildlife).A further point about the "lifting" system would be that it would be permanent; the MOSE Project is,by its very nature,a temporary system:it is expected to protect Venice for only 100 years.
In 1604,to defray the cost of flood relief Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of what became elsewhere a 'stamp tax'.When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608 Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions which was to be used for 'letters to officials'.Initially this was to be a temporary tax but in fact remained in effect to the fall of the Republic in 1797.Shortly after the introduction of the tax Spain produced similar paper for more general taxation purposes and the practice spread to other countries.