英语翻译

英语翻译
Manufacture of chemicals in the mid-19th century consisted of modest craft operations.Increase in demand,public concern at the emission of noxious effluents,and competition between rival processes provided the incentives for greater efficiency.This led to the emergence of combines with resources for larger operations and caused the transition from a craft to a science-based industury.The result was a demand for chemists with knowledge of manufacturing processes,known as industurial chemists or chemical technologists.The term chemical engineer was in general use by about 1900.Despite its emergence in traditional chemicals manufacturing,it was through its role in the development of the petroleum industry that chemical engineering became firmly established as a unique discipline.The demand for plants capable of operating physical separation processes continuously at high levels of efficiency was a challenge that could not be met by the traditional chemist or mechanical engineer.