请问高手英语中独立分词结构和独立主格结构是什么样的关系?

你说讲的独立分词结构是指分词词组作状语吧。
分词词组（包括现在分词和过去分词词组）作状语时，要求其逻辑主语与主句主语保持一致。如：
Even if invited, I won't go to his birthday party.=Even if I' m invited, I....
Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play =As the boy had finished his homework,the boy...
但如果两个主语不能一致，就得使用独立主格。如：
Time permitting , we'll visit the museum.=If time permits, we'll...（两个主语没法统一）

为你提供精确解答
你所说的独立分词结构说的是非谓语作伴随状语等.
独立主格结构跟非谓语作伴随状语的形式上的区别是,独立主格结构非谓语前面有它的逻辑主语.
非谓语作伴随状语举例：lying on the bed,I answer your question.这里是因为非谓语的逻辑主语跟后面主句的主语都是I.所以前面不需要再写主语.
独立主格结构特点举例：the students playing in the classroom,the teacher came in.
这里因为非谓语的逻辑主语是the students,主句的逻辑主语是the teacher,由于逻辑主语不同,所以独立主格结构是保留其逻辑主语.