独立主格结构是什么?

一、概念：有时一个名词/代词 + 一个其他结构,在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句或并列句,人们通常称这种结构为独立主格或独立结构.
二、独立主格的结构：
n/pron + doing River rising,they had to left for safety.
to do Much work to do,they had to work for extra hours.
done All the work done,they went for lunch.
adj.He entered the room,his nose red with cold.
adv.He was lying in bed,light on.
Prepositional phrase He walked in,cane in hand.
在这种结构中,n/pron.在逻辑上是后一部分的主语,后一部分相当于谓语或表语.这种结构在句子中只能作状语,
三、独立主格在句中通常充当以下状语成分：
1、 伴随状语（方式状语）：相当于一个并列句.
He was watching TV,his mouth half open.
He fell to the ground,blood coming down his nose.
The policeman entered the dark room,gun in hand.
The old man sat down,his face pale with pain.
2、 时间状语：相当于一个时间状语从句.
Meeting over,everyone tried to do something for the project.
Spring coming,the flowers are coming out.
The problem settled,everyone was filled with joy.
3、 原因状语：相当于一个原因状语从句.
John (being) away,Tom had to do the work on his own.
It being dark,they had to walk with the torches on.
There being no bus,they had no choice but to take a taxi.
4、 条件状语：相当于一个条件状语从句.
Weather permitting,we’ll have a picnic this Sunday.
Enough time given,we’ll do the job better.
注：有时可以在独立主格前面加上介词with,构成with +复合宾语结构.
如：With the problem settled,the computer restarted.
With the old man leading,we had no difficulty finding the old Red Army man’s house.
You should not speak to others with your mouth full of food.
He left the bathroom,with the water running.
He rushed out with a knife in his hand.此句可改写为 He rushed out ,a knife in his hand.或 He rushed out,knife in hand.
但是,“with + 复合宾语”结构也可以用作定语.
如：Soon they found themselves walking in a valley with high mountains aroud it.
He lives in a village with a railway behind it.
Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead.