初二英语下册重点语法、句型归纳总结

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初二英语下册重点语法、句型归纳总结
句型 或语法的 最好了 回答者 感激不尽

下册主要就是被动语态啦被动语态的主要用法
一.定义
语态是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系.语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态.
■当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by短语.
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,教室的前窗被打破了.(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低.(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
■突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by短语.
The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了.(要突出的是“时间”)
These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的.(强调的是“”这些书)
■为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者.如:
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言.
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人.
■出于修辞的原因,或是说为了更好地安排句子.如:
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对.(因those的定语太长了,若用它作主语,主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散.)

8种常用时态的被动语态

由“助动词be + 动词的过去分词”构成.助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化.
(1) 一般现在时:am/is/are +过去分词.如:
Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻.
(2) 一般过去时:was/were+过去分词.如:
The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的.
(3) 现在进行时:am/is/are being +过去分词.如:
The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中.
(4) 过去进行时:was/were/being +过去分词.如:
This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建.
(5) 一般将来时:will be +过去分词.如:
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外.
(6) 过去将来时:would be +过去分词.如:
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成.
(7) 现在完成时:have/has been +过去分词.如:
This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言.
(8) 过去完在时:had been +过去分词.如:
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时,发现票已卖完了.
使用被动语态“六注意”

一要注意被动语态的不同时态
被动语态由“be+过去分词”,其中的助动词 be 根据情况可使用各种不同时态.如:
She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重.(一般现在时)
The book will be reprinted soon. 这本书很快会重印.(一般将来时)
The road is being repaired. 路正在修整.(现在进行时)
They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告.(现在完成时)
二要注意带情态动词的被动语态
该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”.这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中.如:
The rules must be obeyed. 这些规章制度必须遵守.
They shouldn’t have been told about it. 这事是不应当告诉他们的.
三要注意非谓语动词的被动语态
1. 不定式一般式的被动语态.由“to be+过去分词”构成.如:
She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做.
2. 不定式完成式的被动语态.由“to have been+过去分词”构成.如:
I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的.
3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态.由“being+过去分词”构成.如:
I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了.
4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态.由“having been+过去分词”构成.如:
Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话,我明天就得做准备.
5. 动名词一般式的被动语态.由“being+过去分词”构成.如:
He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄.
6. 动名词完成式的被动语态.由“having been+过去分词”构成.如:
Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事.
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后,我开始信心十足了.
注:过去分词没有被动式,因为它本身可以表示被动意义.如:
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着.
四要注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态
英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成,有时也可用“get+过去分词”构成.如:
James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了.
但总的说来,用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见,尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时,用get构成被动语态更是少见.不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时,人们可能会选get+过去分词来避免这种误
The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)./ 窗户被打破了(表动作)
The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)
五要注意哪些动词不用于被动语态
1. 不及物动词没有被动语态.因为不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语,故不能用于被动语态.但是值得注意的是,有些英语中的不及物动词,译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的,很容易出错,这类动词如:take place(发生),happen(发生),come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续),arise(出现,发生)等:
Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季.
2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态:
The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验.
英语不用被动语态几种的情形
1.谓语为连系动词时,不用被动语态.如:He looked fine. 他气色好.The food tastes delicious. 这食物味道很好.
2. 谓语为不及物动词(短语)时,不用被动语态.如:The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了.
3. 宾语为不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句,表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时,一般不用被动语态.如:
He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去.4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时,一般不用被动语态.如:
We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助.He thinks of himself too much. 他对自己想得太多.
5. 宾语是处所、地点时,一般不用被动语态.如:
We will reach the station in two hours. 我们再过两个小时就会到站了.
6. 谓语部分(动词与宾语) 是一个不可分割的动词短语时,一般不用被动语态.如:
The ship set sail this morning. 这艘轮船今天早晨起航了.
通常不用于被动语态的静态动词
那里的人缺乏食物.正:People there lack food. 误:Food is lacked by people there.
从形式上看,第2句是第1句的相应的被动形式,既然第1句为正句,那么第2句从理论上说应该是成立的.而事实上第2句却是个错句.
在英语中,并不是所有的及物动词都可以用于被动语态的,有些动词(尤其是那些静态动词)尽管它们可以带宾语,但却不用于被动语态,这种动词考生容易弄错,其中主要的有:have,lack,fit,suit,cost,let,like等:
他有一台电脑.正:He has a computer.误:A computer is had by him.
他当时正在洗澡.正:He was taking a bath. 误:A bath was being had by him.
我的鞋不适合.正:My shoes don’t fit me. 误:I am not fitted by my shoes.
这架钢琴花了她6000美元.正:The piano cost her 6000 dollars.
六要注意两类被动句型的相互转换
英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型,它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子.如:
People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的.
It’s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的.
She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的.
比较上面两类被动句型可以发现,一类是“it+be+过去分词+that从句”,另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语),通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等,比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化):
It’s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型