英语翻译

英语翻译
Thus,they often fail to provide information regarding the indirect benefits that professional sports contribute to the community (Swindell & Rosentraub,1998).
The other area of research has focused on the social value and norms entailed in sport.Studies in this area emphasize the value of sport as a means to accomplish educational,social,and health goals.These studies provided implications for how sport contributes to individuals in learning to conform to social norms,value of teamwork,and discipline as established by society (Coakley,2007; Eitle & Eitle,2002; Melnick,1993; Smith & Ingham,2003).Recent studies have suggested that intangible rewards that sports bring into the community compensate for the investment of public resources.Intangible benefits such as civic pride,reputation,image,psychic income,community integration,and improved quality of life are critical factors for the overall development of a community.Psychic income refers to the emotional and psychological benefit that sport consumers experience and perceive (Crompton,2004; Sparvero & Chalip,2007).In particular,it is widely believed that professional sport franchises would produce substantial revenue to regenerate the post-industrial deprived communities,and thus improve social,economic,and environmental aspects of the urban centers of America (Euchner,1993).Professional sports were seen as a way to repair the image of large cities,as well as a way to make smaller cities appear big-league (Quirk & Fort,1992).Local city leaders tried to obtain the attention of potential investors and visitors by means of successful professional sports because successful sport teams were considered a vehicle to attract public attention to their communities via national media (Whitson & Macintosh,1993).
For a better understanding of the value of sport in a community,Zhang,Pease,and Hui.(1996) developed the Community Impact Scale (CIS).The CIS measures the essential social value dimensions of sport and provides empirical evidence to support the presence of a sport team in the community.