英语翻译3.3.Host country-related explanationsTaxes and tariffs influence MNEs’ trade behavior,e.g.as transfer pricing is used to redistribute profits.Vertical relations should be counteracted by trade barriers and geographical distance.At the same time,Table 4 showed that affiliates in Asia and developed countries outside Europe and North America displayed the highestpropensity to import from their Swedish parent companies.Market and production conditions

3.3. Host country-related explanations
Taxes and tariffs influence MNEs’ trade behavior, e.g. as transfer pricing is used to redistribute profits. Vertical relations should be counteracted by trade barriers and geographical distance. At the same time, Table 4 showed that affiliates in Asia and developed countries outside Europe and North America displayed the highest
propensity to import from their Swedish parent companies.
3.3 东道国-相关的解释
税金与关税影响跨国公司的贸易行为，例如，转让定价用于重新分配利益。垂直关系应该由贸易壁垒与地理上的距离所抵消。同时，表4显示在亚洲和欧洲与北美以外的发达国家显示出了从他们在瑞典的母公司进口的最高程度的倾向。
Market and production conditions in the host country also play an important role for the trading behavior of affiliates. The demand for sophisticated customer services, which tend to require a local presence, is related to income. Consumers’ demand for variety also grows with income, further suggesting that the propensity of affiliates to import complementary finished goods increases in the income level of the host country. Regarding intermediate products, traditional factor proportions models speak for a positive impact of widening factor cost differentials. On the other hand, imperfect competition models have suggested that an increasing discrepancy in factor costs — conversely related to the income level of host countries — counteracts intermediate goods’ trade by vertically integrated MNEs (Helpman and Krugman, 1985).
在东道国的市场与生产环境也对子公司的交易行为起到重要的作用。成熟的客户服务往往需要在当地有人手，对于这样的客服的需要与收入是相关的。消费者对于多样化的需求随着收入的增长而增长，更进一步提示了：子公司进口补充制成品的倾向在东道国的收入水平上有所增加。
关于中间产品，传统的因素比例模型证明了扩大因素成本差异的积极影响。另一方面，不完美的竞争模型显示了一个增长的要素成本的差异——和东道国的收入水平呈反比——通过跨国公司的垂直整合抵消了中间产品的贸易（赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼1985）。
There are also arguments for vertical specialization among high-income countries, particularly in knowledge-intensive production whose location may depend more on a free flow of trade, the quality of infrastructure, worker skills and the presence of qualified buyers and suppliers, than on factor cost differentials (c.f. Wheeler and Mody, 1992; Braunerhjelm and Svensson, 1994; Andersson and Fredriksson, 1996). However, the availability of qualified local subcontractors should reduce the dependence on input goods from 7 the home country. Thus, unless traditional factor models are valid, the relationship between income level and affiliates’ propensity to import intermediates is ambiguous a priori.
According to Kravis and Lipsey (1982), large host markets enable firms to meet high entry costs and exploit economies of scale at the plant level, thereby attracting specialized and export-oriented activities. This suggests a positive relationship between intra-firm imports of intermediates and market size. Other empirical studies have shown that large markets are most likely to be served by local production (Swedenborg, 1979; Culem, 1988;Veugelers, 1991). Since a large market should facilitate a greater scale in production at the plant level, complementary imports of finished goods should decline with growing host market size.
对于再高收入国家的垂直专业或也存在争论，尤其在知识密集型的生产中，这种生产的位置更多的取决于于*流通的贸易，基础设施的质量，工人的技术和合格的买家与供应商的存在，相对于因素成本差异。可是，能够取得合格的当地分包商能够削减对于从七个母国输入货物的依赖。因此，除非传统因素模型是有效的，否则在收入水平与子公司进口中间产品的倾向之间的关系就是模糊的。根据克里维斯和里浦西(1985)，大型的东道主市场能够使公司在工厂的水平上满足进入费用与开发规模经济，从而吸引专门和出口为导向的活动。这显示了公司内部中间品的进口与市场规模之间的积极关系。其他的实证研究显示大型市场最有可能通过当地的生产来支撑。 既然大型的市场应该在工厂的水平上来促进更大规模的生产，补充完成品的进口应该随着增长的东道主市场而降低。

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