作状语的的过去分词

．过去分词作状语的基本用法：
过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等.过去分词可置于主句前,也可置于主句后,用逗号与主句隔开.
1.原因状语
Choked by the heavy smoke,he could hardly breathe.他被浓烟呛了,几乎不能呼吸了.
Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了.
Frightened by the noise in the night,the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room.受到夜晚响声的惊吓,那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间.
2.时间状语
Left to itself in the room,the baby began to cry.当被孤独地留在房间里时,婴儿哭了起来.
Asked why he did it,the monitor said it was his duty.当被问及这件事时,班长说这是他的职责.
Approached in the dark,the lights looked lonely and purposeless.在黑暗中走近时.那些电灯显得孤单而无意义.
3.条件状语
Seen in this aspect,the matter isn’t as serious as people generally suppose.如果从这个角度看,问题并不像人们一般预料的那样`严重.
Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.
Given better attention,the accident could have been avoided.要是多加注意,那次事故就能避免了.
Watered more,these cabbages could have grown better.如果多浇点水,这些大白菜还可以长的得更好.
Compared with you,we still have a long way to go.和你相比,我们还有很大的差距.
4.方式或伴随状语
Surrounded by his students,the professor sat there cheerfully.那位教授在学生的簇拥下,兴高采烈地坐在那儿.
He stood there silently,moved to tears.他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.
The old man went into the room,supported by his wife.那位老人在妻子的搀扶下,走进了房间.
5.让步状语
Beaten by the police and sent to jail,Gandi created the principle of nonviolent resistance.尽管受警察的殴打,被投入*,甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则.
Defeated again,he didn’t lose heart.尽管再次被击败,但他没有灰心.
Waited by others for over half an hour,he didn’t turn up at the meeting.尽管别人等了他半个多小时,他还是没有到会.
6.独立成份（插入语）
Given good weather,our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening.假如天气好,我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海.
I’d come and see you in New York,given the chance.如果有机会,我就到纽约来看你.
Generally speaking,people all believe what he has said.一般说来,人们都相信他所说的.
二．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
1.逻辑关系
现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别.
1） 现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系.
He went out,shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上.
Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙.
2） 过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系.
Given more encouragement,the boy could have behaved better.如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励,他本来会表现得更好.
Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难时,我们必须设法克服.
3） 部分过去分词来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示“被动关系”,其前不用being.这样的
过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in（陷入某种状态）、seated（坐着的）、hidden（躲着）、stationed（驻扎）、lost/absorbed（沉溺于）、 born in（出身于）、dressed in（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）等.
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought,he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考中,所以他没有听到那个声音.
Born in this beautiful town,he hates to leave it.出生于这个美丽的小镇,他不愿离开它.
2．时间概念
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,或表示“一种状态”,与谓语动作同时发生或存在.
现在分词的一般式(doing)表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)常和表示次数的短语及时间段(for+一段时间)连用,表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动动作”,这种情况下不能用过去分词替换,其它情况下通常被过去分词所替换,使句式更简洁.
Written in a hurry,this article was not so good.因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
Reading carefully,he found something he hadn’t known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西.
Having finished his homework,he went home.完成了作业,他就回家了.
Having been discussed several times,the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论后,终于做出了决定.