英语翻译
英语翻译
琵琶(Pipa)的头部(head)向后弯曲,雕有寿字、乐字、如意等样式.弦轴(peg)是固定琴弦(strings)、调整音高的地方,它由象牙（ivory）、牛角、红木（mahogany）制作而成.琵琶有八相(ledgd)三十品(fret),和吉他上的品一样,可以弹奏出音符.相(ledgd)也是用象牙、牛角、红木制成,品(fret)用竹制,制作时将竹子与中草药一起煮,使得品表面光滑,并且不易生虫.琵琶下方的复手(tailpiece)用来固定住琴弦的另一端.琵琶的面板(belly)包裹住整个琴面,现在大都用生长在河南兰考的梧桐来制作.琵琶的背部用紫檀木（padauk）制成,也有的用红木（mahogany）,或花梨木（palisander）.琵琶的面板与背部之间是空心的,这里就是音箱（sound box）.当拨动琴弦的时候音箱内发生共鸣,就会产生乐音.琵琶有四根琴弦(strings),好几根细钢丝（wire）外包裹着尼龙（nylon）,来保护演奏者的手指不至于磨损,同时加大音量.四根弦粗细不一,第1根弦最细、最软,音色（timbre）最为明亮,音高（pitch）最高.第4根弦最粗、最硬,音色低沉,音高最低.现在有的琵琶更像一件精美的艺术品,琴头上嵌有翡翠(jade)宝石（jewel）,面板上画有艳丽的花朵,在琴的背面雕花,刻字、刻诗.
The head of the Pipa bends backward with symbols like long-live,joy,luck,etc casted on top.The peg is where the strings are held and the sound are adjusted.It is made of ivory,cattle horn,mahogany.Pipa eight kind of ledges and 30 classes of frets,just like the those on a guitar,it can play music.Ledge is also made of ivory,cattle horn,mahogany.Fret is made of bamboo,boiled with herbs until its surface becomes smooth and it will not harbor insects.The tail-piece underneath holds the other ends of the strings.The Pipa belly covers the whole surface,the material are now mostly come from the maple trees grown in the Lancao area in the Nenan Province.The back of the Pipa is made of padauk; there are backs that are made of mahoganies or palisanders.Between the surface and the back the space is hollow,so it is the sound-box.When the strings are played,the synchronized echoes in the sound-box make the music.Pipa has four strings,all are nylon covered steel wires so that the player's fingers are protected at the same time and they also enhance the sound.The four strings are of different thickness.The first one is the thinest and softest one,and its timbre is the brightest and its pitch is the highest.The forth one is the thickest and strongest one,its timbre is the dullest and its pitch is the lowest.Nowadays some of the Pipa are just like a beautiful art piece,decorated with jade stones and precious jewels on the body,blooming flowers on the surface,and sculptures,symbols,poems on the back.