英语it的用法

英语语法学习笔记——IT的用法
1、人称代词IT
IT一般指物不指人,但可指小孩、婴儿和团体等.IT用于成人,有轻蔑的含义.
For example: Would you like to marry Malcom? Fancy being owned by that! Fancy seeing it every day!
2、指示代词IT
作为指示代词时,IT可以指人.
For example: Who is it?（是谁呀?）
3、非人称代词IT
(1)指时间
For example: I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought.
(2)指距离
For example:
How far is it from your office to the bank?
It was a long journey to that part of the country.
(3)指天气等自然现象
For example:
Now it is clearing up, and a sparrow is beginning to chirp.
It’s damp and cold. I thingk it’s going to rain.
4、IT用于前指或后指
(1)前指
For example:
---They lost the game.
---Yes, so I hear. Isn’t it a shame?
(2)\x09后指
For example:
It’s seems so full of comfort and of strength, the night.
Though no one knew it, it was the last time he would be present at the bank.
注：代词it指代if或when等引导的状语从句时,既可前指,也可后指.
5、非确指的IT
有时,it所指代的是什么,要看上下文来确定.这种IT即所谓的非确指的it（Unspecified it）.
For example:
1.How’s it going with you? (你近况如何?)
2.Does it itch much? (很痒痒吗?)
3.Where does it hurt? (哪儿痛?)
4.Now you are in for it. (你现在可倒霉了!)
5.It says in the Bible: Thou shalt not steal. (圣经上说:不许偷窃.)
6.Hand it all, we can’t wait all day for him. (见鬼!我们不能整天等他呀.)
7.We had a nice time of it. (我们玩得很好.)
8.There is nothing else for it but to stand. (没有办法,只好忍受.)
9.You never had it so good. (日子过得从来没有这样好.)
10.Take it easy. (不要紧张.)
6、IT在习惯用语中
一些含有IT的习惯用语需要牢记,以下是一般对方都熟知的,无须要明确指出来.
For example:
1.Cab it (乘车)
2.brave it out (拼命干到底)
3.walk it (步行)
4.go it alone (单枪匹马地干)
5.beat it (走,滚)
6.make it (办成功)
7.come it (尽自己之分内事情)
8.come it strong (做得过分)
9.lord it over (欺压)
10.take it (猜想,以为,断定；[口][常与 can, be able to 连用]忍受得住(痛苦、批评、困难, 嘲笑等))
11.take it out of somebody (拿某人出气)
12.have it out with somebody (与某人讲个明白)
13.be hard put to it (在艰难之中)
14.Is that it? (你就要我做这些吗?= Is that all you wanted me for? )
15.You’re it. (你是下一个)
7、引词IT
（1）IT用做引词
A.形式主语
a.真实主语为不定式
For example:
It was his duty to attend to the matter. (处理那事是他的责任)
It was not within my power to answer the question. (我无能力回答这个问题)
b.真实主语为不定式复合结构
For example:
It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living. (懒汉谋生是日益困难了)
What time would it be most convenient for me to call again? (何时我再给你打电话最合适?)
It’s very good of you to have listened to me. (感谢你,能听我讲.)
It’s very thoughtful and kind of you to offer me this lovely holiday. (您能给我这么美好的假日实在是想得太周到和太友善了)
c.真实主语为动名词
For example:
It’s no use saying any more about what I think. (我如何想的再说也没有用了.)
Do you think it’s worth while quarrelling with me? (你认为与我吵架值得吗?)
d.真实主语为动名词复合结构
For example:
It has been a great honor your coming to visit me. (你的来访是我很大的荣幸.)
It would have been so bad her overhearing. (她如果偷听到那就糟糕了.)
I’m afraid it vexes her my having brought Roly.(我恐怕我带罗力来使她生气了)
e.真实主语为主语从句
For example:
It seems that he is rich.. (看起来他很富有.)
It doesn’t matter what you do.（你干什么都没有关系）
It was clear enough what she meant.（她的意思十分清楚）
He was an old man, and it did not matter much where he lived.（他年事已高,在哪儿居住都无所谓）
It’ a pity he doesn’t swim. (他不会游泳,真遗憾)
B.形式宾语
a.真实宾语为不定时
For example:
I find it easy enough to get on with Pam.. (我觉得与帕姆相处很容易.)
I would think it worth while to go.（我认为去是值得的.）
He thought it best to be on his guard. (他认为他最好还是要警惕.)
He made it a rule to speak in Parliament at least once every session. (他规定自己在议会每次开会时至少发言一次.)
He felt it his duty to mention the fact to Mr. Otis. (他觉得把事实告诉奥蒂斯先生是他的职责)
b.真实主语为动名词
For example:
You must find it exciting working here.. (你一定会发现在此工作是很令人兴奋的.)
I think it very unwise going on as we are without definite agreement.（我认为我们没有明确的协议就进行是不明智的.）
He find it a great privation not being allowed to smoke there. (他觉得在那里不能吸烟对他是一大痛苦.)
注：以上例句皆可不用形式宾语,可改写为：
You must find working here exciting.
I think going on as we are without definite agreement very unwise.
He found not being allowed to smoke there a great privation.
c.真实宾语为宾语从句
For example:
I think it best that you should stay here. (我认为你最好留在这里.)
I used to feel it a terrible thing that my mother should have to toil so endlessly. （我曾老觉得母亲不得不无休止地操劳是一件可怕的事情.）
I take it you have been out. (我想你出去过了.)
I took it for granted that you would stay with us. (我认为你当然会留在我们这里的.)
I have it on my conscience that I offended you. (我心里老嘀咕着我得罪了你)
They kept it quiet that he was dead. (对于他的死他们没有透露一丝口风.)
（2）引词IT用于强调结构中
①英语中常用的强调结构是：“It is （was）+被强调的部分（主语、宾语或状语）+ who（that）…”.一般说来,被强调部分指人时用who,指物时用that（但that亦可指人）.注意：强调结构在强调状语时,只可用that从句,不可用which.
For example: John wore his best suit to the dance last night.（约翰昨晚他穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会）
It was John who (that) wore his best suit to the dance last night.
It was his best suit (that) John wore to the dance last night.
It was last night (that) John wore his best suit to the dance.
It was to the dance that John wore his best suit last night.
②强调结构也可强调短语和从句(包括because,only when,who,whom,whose,that,which等引导的从句).
For example:
I suspected it was on her orders that you were bringing him here.（我怀疑你是遵照她的吩咐要把他带到这儿来的）
It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. (我昨天是由于想买一本字典而进城的.)
It is only when you nearly lose someone that you become fully conscious of how much you value them（只有你差一点失去某一个人时,你才会充分意识到你是多么珍视他们.）
It must be your mother who (whom, that) you are thinking of.（你在想的一定是你的母亲.）
It was your brother to whom I offered a dollar for his knife yesterday.（我昨天给了你兄弟1元钱买他的小刀.）
It is Uncle Bill whose address I lost.（比尔叔叔的地址我丢了.）
It deserves attention that it is especially the verb to do which is often found in the active voice.（应该注意, 特别是行为动词常用在主动语态中.）
③表语与宾语补语偶尔也可为被强调的部分.但通常情况下,表语一般不可用作被强调的部分.
For example:
It was a doctor that he eventually became.（他最后成了一个医生）
It’s dark green that we’ve painted the kitchen.（我们把厨房漆成了深绿色）
④强调结构的时态一般应该一致.但也有例外的例子.
For example:
It is not I who am angry.（发怒的不是我.）
I was my two sisters who knew her best（是我的两个姐妹最了解他.）
I will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.（对此受责难的将不是你.）
For exceptional example:
It is Miss Williams who enjoyed reading novels as a pastime. (是威廉姆斯小姐以读小说来消遣.)
It is these very novels that Miss Williams enjoyed reading as a pastime.（威廉姆斯小姐作为消遣所读的小说就是这些.）
⑤强调结构不但可以用于独立句中,也可以用在从句之中.
For example:
It deserves attention that it is especially the verb to do which is often found in the active voice.（应该注意, 特别是行为动词常用在主动语态中.）
I suspected it was on her orders that you were bringing him here.（我怀疑你是遵照她的吩咐要把他带到这儿来的）
He told me that it was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. （他告诉我是解放才使他的生活有了翻天覆地的变化.）
⑥强调结构中的that 与who在非正式文体中可以省略.有时还可以省去句首的It is （was）.
For example:
I suspected it was on her orders you were bringing him here.（我怀疑你是遵照她的吩咐要把他带到这儿来的）
A good, honest trade you are learning, Sir Peter! （彼得爵士,你学得是一种很好而诚实的一行啊!）
⑦强调结构中的被强调部分有时可放在句首.
For example:
Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him.（就在这时,他的生命完结了,他所逃脱不了的命运降临了.）
⑧It is（was）之后可有一个以上的被强调部分.
For example:
It was she who was lying in the corridor and the stranger who bent over her. “Did I faint?” she asked.（是她躺在过道上,是那个陌生人在俯视她.“我晕倒了吗?”她问道.）
说明：以上是我学习这部分知识时,总结的笔记,若用得上,可要赏分啊