英语翻译The usual arguments against such a plan are that it is inefficient and costly.反对美国医疗体系的人经常会说它效率低而且费用高.There may be waits for those not needing immediate surgeries.那些不需要马上接受手术的人可能要等上一段时间.

主语The usual arguments (against such a plan后置定语) are be动词
that it is inefficient and costly 宾语从句

There may be waits for those not needing immediate surgeries.
There be 句型 waits（宾语，名词）
for 。。。 对于谁来说 定语后置

The usual arguments against such a plan are that it is inefficient and costly.
主语Theusual arguments against such a plan 来修饰主语，
谓语：are
宾语从句：that it is inefficient and costly

There may be waits for those not needing immediate surgeries.
主系表：There may be waits
not needing immediate surgeries 来修饰those

The usual arguments（ against such a plan）（定语） are that it is inefficient and costly. 整句话是定语从句 against such a plan=that are against such a plan

There may be waits for those （not needing immediate surgeries）定语. waits for those解释不了，好怪的，省略了someone who？

(which are)against such a plan为定语从句，修饰arguments；that之后是同位语从句，即arguments的具体内容。
not needing immediate surgeries为分词短语做定语，修饰those,相当于who don't need..。

怎么一下子页面上都是你的问题哦：
The usual arguments【主语】against such a plan【介词短语作后置定语】are【系动词】that【that引导表语从句,后接完整的句子】it【从句主语】is【从句系动词】inefficient and costly【从句表语】.
主要语法点：后置定语和表语从句
There【表语】may【状语】be【系动词】 waits【主语】for those【介词短语作后置定语】（who are）not needing immediate surgeries【定语从句,从句缺少主语.】.
这句比较特殊,主要语法点：there be句型,不定代词those后定语从句的判断.