美国现实主义文学流派简介(英文)谁知道美国现实主义文学流派的相关情况啊?最好是中英文对译的!

现实主义是文学艺术的基本创作方法之一,其实际运用时间相当早远,但直到19世纪50年代才由法国画家库尔贝和作家夏夫列里作为一个名称提出来,恩格斯为“现实主义”下的定义是：除了细节的真实外,还要真实的再现典型环境中的典型人物.(1888年4月初致玛.哈克奈斯信)
在文学艺术创作中,现实主义是与浪漫主义并驾齐驱两大思潮,其注重事实或现实；不受理想主义、臆测或感伤主义影响的客观过程；客观地而不凭感情地去处理思想和行动,反对一切不切实际或空想的性格.
As a term of art in philosophy,realism refers to a thesis that general properties,technically known as universals,have a mode of existence or a form of reality that is in a certain sense independent of the things that possess them.Opposing theses,known as nominalism,and conceptualism,hold that universals are not real or do not properly exist,that only individuals and particulars exist,and that it is only the corresponding general concepts of thought or universal terms of language,serving as equivocal denotations of many particular things,that deceive the mind into thinking so.Philosophical realism is also referred to as Platonic realism or Scholastic realism,depending on the nuances of the particular variant in mind.In some versions of realism,in stark contrast to everyday usage,a distinction is drawn between existence and reality,based on the idea that potentials can be real but that only actuals can exist.
In a separate context of discussion,realism is contrasted with both idealism and materialism,and is more controversially considered by others to be synonymous with the position in the philosophy of mind known as dualism.In recent transmogrifications of the word,realism is contrasted with anti-realism and irrealism.
Increasingly these last disputes,too,are rejected as misleading,and some philosophers prefer to call the kind of realism espoused there metaphysical realism and eschew the whole debate in favour of simple naturalism or natural realism,which is not so much a theory as the position that these debates are ill-conceived,if not incoherent,and that there is no more to deciding what is really real than simply taking our words at face value.
Realism in philosophy can also refer to other forms of realism such as moral realism and scientik