too...to的用法

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too...to的用法

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"too+形容词/副词+动词不定式"结构简称为"too...to"结构.这种结构是英语中常用的一种句型,在大多数情况下表示否定意义,在翻译时,通常可译为"太……而不能……"、"太……无法……".下面就谈谈"too...to"结构表示否定的常见句型:
句型I:too+adj./adv.+to do这个句型是too...to的最基本的常用句型.too+形容词或副词,有时too后也可跟一个起形容词作用的过去分词.例如:
The boy is too young to go to school.这男孩年龄太小,不能上学.
The hat is too large to wear.这帽子太大,没法戴.
He walks too slowly to get there on time.他走得太慢,不能按时到达那儿.
I'm too tired to think of anything now.我太累了,什么也不能想了.
句型II:too...to+to be V-ed这是"too...to"结构中不定式为被动式时的变体,如果主语是不定式动作的承受者,不定式既可以用主动式,也可以用被动式,此时用主动式虽然在形式上是主动的,但在涵义上却是被动的.例如:
The tea is too hot to drink/to be drunk.茶太热,不能喝.
The molecules are much too small to see/to be seen.分子太小,看不见.
The shoes are too badly broken to be mended.这些鞋子破烂得不能修补.
句型III:too+adj./adv.+forsb./ sth.to do /be V-ed在"too...to"结构中加上一个for sb./sth.,以提示动词不定式的逻辑主语,可以起到一定的限制作用,即限制不定式所表示的动作行为只是就它的逻辑主语而言的,对于其他人或物则不一定是这样,这就使句子意思更具体、明白.例如:
English is too difficult for me to learn well.英语太难,我学不好.(具体指出谁学不好,只是我学不好,可能别人学得好.)
This question is too difficult for me to answer.这是一个我不能回答的难题.
使用这个句型要注意以下几点:
1.如果用介词for引出to+动词的逻辑主语,而且该逻辑主语又是to+动词动作的执行者,to do就要用主动式.如果该主语是to+动词动作的承受者,则须用被动形式.它不像句型II中的不定式既可用主动式,又可用被动式来表示一个主语承受的动作.
2.在这个句型中,句子主语和不定式的宾语是指同一个事物,则宾语不能重复,必须省掉,有时甚至其后的to do也可以省去.请试译:
①这个箱子太重,我搬不动.
误:This box is too heavy for me to carry it.
正:This box is too heavy for me to carry.
②这辆小汽车太贵,他买不起.
误:The car is too expensive for him to buy it.
正:The car is too expensive for him(to buy).
3.带for sb./sth.的"too...to"结构应是以物为主语,for sb./sth.可以省略,并不会影响句子否定意义的表达.如果原句以人作主语,一般来说就没有必要加不定式的逻辑主语了.例如:
It's too late for us to catch the early bus.太晚了,我们赶不上那趟早班公共汽车了.
The teacher spoke too fast for us to follow.老师讲话太快,我们听不清楚.
句型IV.too+adj.+a(an)+n.+to V./to be V-ed.这个句型在too+adj.后再接一个带不定冠词的名词,不定冠词一定要放置于形容词后.与此同时,只有当too后形容词修饰一个可数名词时,才可以在形容词与名词间加不定冠词"a".当句子主语能发出该不定式的动作时,可以用to+V.的主动式,当主语是该不定式动作的承受者时,则用to be+V-ed的被动式.例如:
He's too experienced an artist to mind what the critics say.(=As an artist he's too experienced to mind what the critics say.)他是个经验非常丰富的艺术家,不会介意批评家说些什么.
He is too experienced an artist to be worried by what the critics say.他是一个经验非常丰富的艺术家,不至于为批评家们的议论而担忧.
必须特别指出的是,并不是所有"too...to"结构的句子都表示否定意义,在下列情况下,"too...to"结构可以表示肯定意义:
1."too...to"结构之前带有but,only,all,never,not时,是强调肯定的表示法,译作"非常……"、"十分……"、"实在……"、"真是太……"等.例如:
I am but too glad to do so.我非常喜欢这样做.
We are only too happy to live in China.生活在中国,我们太幸福了.
They are all too satisfied to go and do this work.他们很乐意地去做这项工作.
You're never too old to enjoy a Christmas stocking.你绝对不会老得不能获得圣诞长袜带来的快乐.
English is not too difficult to learn.英语并不难学.
2."too...to"结构中带有表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词或副词,如ready,apt,eager,satisfied,inclined, kind,willing,easy,anxious等加动词不定式结合成一个不可分割的状态、态度、倾向或心情等,并且其后的不定式不是说明too的具体内容,而是修饰形容词,故不定式不再表示结果.例如:
Comrade Lei Feng was too ready to help others.雷*乐于助人.
The old woman is too apt to forget.这位老太太太健忘了.
We are too willing to be scientists.我们太想当科学家了.
He is too inclined to be cheated.他很容易上当受骗.
He was too anxious to do this job.他非常想干这件工作.
She is too hard to deal with.她极难相处.
I am too eager to have a world travel.我很想有一次环球旅行.
It's too kind of you to tell me that.(=You are very kind to tell me that.)你告诉我那件事真是太好了.
3.在"too...to"结构中,不定式为否定式时,是构成的双重否定,其意为"非常(很,太,那么)……不会不(必定能,所以能)……",也不表示否定意义.例如:
He is too kind not to help you.他很善良,不会不帮助你.
The girl is too careful not to do it well.这姑娘很细心,完全能干好那件事.
4.除了上述情况外,还有一种"too...to"结构在翻译上也有它的特殊之处.请试译:
The question is too easy(simple)to answer.
误:这个问题太容易(简单)了,回答不了.
正:这个问题太容易(简单)了,不值得回答.
这里按"too...to"结构表示否定意义来译,显然不妥.这里too也是"过于"、"太"的意思,但这个句子可以表达一种特殊的意义,即"太……,不值得……".再比较:
The question is too complicated(difficult)to answer.这个问题太复杂(难)了,不好回答.
The question is simple enough to answer.这个问题很简单,容易回答.
又如:
①The room is too big to hold only afew people.容纳这么几个人,这个房间显然太大了.(意即:容纳这么几个人,不值得用这么大的房间.)
比较:
This room is too small to hold so many people.这个房间太小了,容纳不了这么多人.
This room is big enough to hold so many people.这个房间足够容纳这么多人.
②They got there too early to catch the bus.赶公共汽车,他们到那儿有点太早了.(意即:不必去得那么早.)
比较:
They got there too late to catch the bus.他们去得太晚了,没有赶上公共汽车.
They got there early enough to catch the bus.他们早早到了那里,完全可以赶上公共汽车.
综上所述,"too...to"结构具有表示否定、肯定两种意义的功能.因此,在遇到"too...to"结构的句子时,必须根据上下文的意思指导学生翻译,在特定的环境中,弄通各种成分之间的内在关系,灵活而具体地处理,才能掌握比较准确的意义,死板地将一些特别的语言现象去套某某公式,难免出现认识上的僵化,理解也常会出错,不能达到灵活掌握和运用英语的教学效果.