什么叫现在完成时?

问题描述:

什么叫现在完成时?

现在完成时是由助动词+过去分词构成,其规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词则需加强记忆.现将其主要用法小结如下:
1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.例如:
I have just cleaned my clothes.我刚洗过衣服.
(“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作,对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”).
2.表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,也可以表示可能继续下去的动作或状态.这时,往往与表示一段时间的状语连用.例如:
I have been here for just over two years.
我到这里才两年多.
He has worked here since 1989.
自从1989年以来,他就在这里工作.
3.现在完成时属于现在时态范围,因此,不能和表示过去的时间状语连用.如:yesterday, last night, two weeks ago等,但可以和never, ever, already, yet, just, for…, since…等连用.例如:
Have you finished your work yet?
你已经完成你的工作了吗?
I have never heard that before.
过去,我从未听说过那件事.
4.be的现在完成时态.
(1)表示一种状态,表示从过去已经开始持续到现在,要与表示一段时间的状语连用.例如:
There has been a factory near No.14 Middle School for several years.14中学附近有家工厂,已经有几年了.
(2)表示某人刚从某地回来.例如:
Where have you been? I have been to the library.
你到哪里去了?我到图书馆去了.
(3)后加地点,表示某人曾经到过某地.例如:
Have you ever been to West Hill Farm?
你曾到过西山农场吗?
但是“have(has)gone(to)+地点”则表示已去了某地,不在说话者所在的地方.例如:
Where is Kate?She has gone to Beijing with her father.
凯特在哪里?她和她父亲一起去北京了.
5.瞬间动词的现在完成时.瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词.这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束,所以不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用,但可以用其它方式来表达.像这样的词有:buy, sell, begin, start, leave, come, go, borrow, lend, return, die, jojn等.例如:
火车已离开半小时了.
误:The train has left for half an hour.
正:The train has been away for half an hour.
正:The train left half an hour ago.
正:It has been half an hour since the train left.
正:It is half an hour since the train left.
正:Half an hour has passed since the train left.
但是,其完成时的否定式可与表示一段时间的状语连用,表示一种状态.例如:
I haven’t received a letter from my father for two months.
我已两个月没收到我爸爸的信了.
He hasn’t come here for a week.
他一个星期没有来这里了.