Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a sh
问题描述：
Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.
怎么翻译?句子里的conduc,beyond all reasonable doubt
答
研究小组进行的研究显示抽烟无疑与寿命缩短相伴.
conduct 进行
beyond all reasonable doubt 毫无疑问