什么是主语,谓语,宾语,状语等等一些语法上的什么语.请全部说出来,分别解释这些语法问题.

主语：在一个句子里,表达一个发出动作的人或事的词语就叫做主语,也叫做主词.主语所占的位置叫做主格.
例：(I) like the dog.(The flower) smells great.
谓语：在一个句子里,表达一个主语发出的动作的词语就叫做谓语.注意,be动词（am,is,are,was,were,be,been)一般在谓语的位置,但他不叫谓语,叫系动词.他的后面跟的词,都是表达主语的.
例：She (hates) the smell.The dog (caught) the toy.
宾语：在一个句子里,表达一个接受动作的人或事的词语就叫做宾语.濒于所占的位置叫做宾格.宾语所接受的不一定是谓语动词.
例：He doen't like (me).The young boy broke (the bowl).
冠词：每个一般名词（也就是不是特殊名词和代名词的名词）的前面都要有冠词.冠词只有三个：a,an,the.a和an的用法是一样,只是名次的第一个字母是元音的前面要加an,名次的第一个字母是辅音的前面要加a.
例：(The) girl is so mean.(An) apple fell down.
(A) toy sits on the table.
副词：副词是一种用来修饰动词和形容词,以及其他副词的词语.
例：He finished his work (beautifully).
She is wearing a (very) pretty dress.
The young man finished his homework (so) (quickly).
状语：在一个句子内,一个用来修饰一个动词的单词、词组、和子句所占的位置,就叫状语
例：I open the door (with the key).短语
I (quickly) finished my lunch.单词
(As I put it down),her dog came to catch the ball.子句
介词：用来连接词或词组的单词,叫做介词.像方位介词,比较介词.注意,介词和连接词不一样,连接词是用来连接两个相关联的句子的.
例：I went to the library (with) my mother.
My doggy is (in) the box.
You are more handsome (than) him.
定语：在一个句子中,一个用来修饰名词的单词或子句的词语所占的位置,就叫做定语.
例：It is a (big) book.
That is a (pretty) dull.
He is the one (who want to do the best).
表语：当be动词做一个句子的谓语的时候,这个句子的格式就变成了“主系表”.其中,“主”是指主语；“系”是指系动词,也就是be动词；“表”就是指表语.占表语位置的词,短语,或子句,是用来修饰（也就是表现）主语的.
例：It is (cool).That is (a book).I am (from China).
That is (where I live).
我没有听说过惯语,你是不是指冠语,也就是冠词啊?
注：以上所有括号内的词语都是定义所指的词.