现在分词 过去分词 不定式区别

1.现在分词表示动作正在进行,或者主动形式,或者伴随,如
正在进行
He is reading a novel
主动形式
Learning English is a necessity if you want to work aboard
伴随
He runs into the classroom in a hurry,holding a book in his palm
或者
His failure in the exam ,making him very upset
2过去分词表示动作在过去已发生,或者被动形式,
过去已发生
He failed in the exam last week
被动形式
Seen from the window,the hills outside are very scenic.
3不定式表示一次性的动作,或者表示目的
一次性
To pay a visit to Canada is my dream
目的性
To learn English well entails your continuous efforts
4to be done与being done的分别就是不定式和动名词的用法区别.
被动式表达的是具体、一次性、将发生的.
动名词表达的是抽象、经常性、已发生的.
所以它们的意思区别就一目了然：
前者意思是将要被完成,不定式的被动态表示将来的动作
如 Although you have made great progress,there are much to be desired for you.
虽然你已经取得了很大进步,但你依然有许多事要去做
后者的意思是已经被完成,用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等
如I found that this work being finished in a hurry last week
我发现上星期的工作（正被）完成得很仓促.
5to have been done与having beening done
因为having been done 这种结构,主要是动作发生在谓语动作之前,它和谓语动词之间有明显的时间先后关系,它强调时间的先后关系,而且这个非谓语动词的动作到现在为止基本就结束了.如
Having been beaten by them ,I made my minds to study hard
to have been done:在谓语前发生且逻辑主语是不定式承受者,如
.No harm seems to have been done似乎并没有造成伤害.