有关美国黑人历史的两个问题（英文）what gave rise to the civil-rights movement of american black?who was its leader?

rosa parks
martin luther king

1）the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955
2)Martin Luther King, Jr.

起因是：罗萨.派克斯在蒙哥马利的公共汽车上拒绝给白人让座事件
Rosa Parks(Born 1913) (见于美国传统词典)
American civil rights leader. Her refusal to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, resulted in a city-wide boycott of the bus company and stirred the civil rights movement across the nation.
罗萨.派克斯：(生于1913) 美国民权*,她因在美国阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利的公共汽车上拒绝让座给一个白人,而引起了全市范围汽车公司
的联合抵制,激起了全国的民权运动.
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks (the "mother of the Civil Rights Movement") refused to get up out of her seat on a public bus to make room for white passengers. Rosa was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. After word of this incident reached the black community, 50 African-American leaders gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to protest the segregation of blacks and whites on public buses. The boycott lasted for 382 days (1956 was a leap year), until the local ordinance segregating African-Americans and whites on public buses was lifted.
*是：马丁.路德.金Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
The most important step forward was in Montgomery, Alabama, where longtime NAACP activists Rosa Parks and Edgar Nixon prevailed on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-1956. Activists and church leaders in other communities, such as Baton Rouge, Louisiana, had used the boycott in recent years, although those efforts often withered away after a few days. In Montgomery, on the other hand, the Montgomery Improvement Association created to lead the boycott managed to keep the boycott going for over a year until a federal court order required Montgomery to desegregate its buses. The success in Montgomery made King a nationally known figure and triggered other bus boycotts, such as the highly successful Tallahassee, Florida boycott of 1956-1957.