复合句有几种
复合句有几种
复合句就是包含两个或多个主谓结构,并且,其中一个主谓结构充当主句,另一个或多个主谓结构为从句,充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,这样的句子叫做复合句.
从句主要分为三类:名词性从句,形容词性从句和副词性从句,
再具体分类:
名词性从句包括:主语,表语,宾语和同位语从句,在复合句中做主,表,宾或同位语;
形容词性从句即定语从句,在复合句中做定语,修饰名词;
副词性从句即状语从句,相应的状语从句的名称即表示相应的意思:时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,条件,方式,让步等.
另外,坚持长句短说的表达方法.
英译汉句子中.有些句子结构复杂,从句中再套有从句,或者是修饰性定语、状语太长.考生翻译此类长句时,首先把复杂长句层层剥离,分成相对独立的分句,然后逐个翻译这些分句,直至把整个句子意义表达出来.
例(1)Researchers have established that when people are mentally,bio-chemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effeetively in cognitive(认知的)areas such as attention and memory.
解析:此句结构较复杂,前that引导宾语从句.宾语从句中又有一个when引导的状语从句,还有一个that引导的宾语从句修饰changes.此外,还有一个such as引导的短语修饰areas.考生若想翻译好此句子,最好用一个个小短句来表达不同部分的意思.参考译文:研究人员己证实,当人们在动脑筋时,头脑里会产生生化变化.这种变化可以使头脑在一些认知领域(如注意力、记忆力领域等)里更加有效地进行活动.
以下将具体讲解一下,供参考:
1. 定语从句常
英译汉中要求巧妙地翻译定语从句是最常见的题型.英语中,定语从句都放在被修辞词后面,考生关键就是把英语原句中的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰词之前.此类方法一般叫前置限定的合成翻译法,即把英语的后置定语译在被修饰的名词或代词前.
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome.
解析:此句中有个who引导的定语从句修饰前面的“those patients”,我们要用合成翻译法把who引导的定语从句变成一个前置性定语来修饰“patients”.所以此句话可译为:给我们留下极深印象的是:即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人, 对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的.
例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.
解析:此句中that引导的定语从句修饰先行词“features”,考生只要用合成翻译法把该定语从句变成一个前置性定语,此句就不难翻译为:即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出决定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征.
但是,当定语从句较它时,如果翻译成位置的定语,就会不符合汉语表达的习惯.在此种情况下,往往把该定语从句用转换法把翻译成并列的分句或作插入语,放在原来它所修饰词后面.
例(1)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
解析:此句中Which引导的定语从句较它,我们可以用转换法把它译成并列分词.译文为:他们正在为实现这一理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人内心所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为它而牺牲了自己的生命.
例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.
解析:此句that引导的定语从句也较它.如果考生不能精炼地表达出that后面内容而又把它放在“features”前,就不符合汉语表达方式.此时,考生可用转换法把该从句变成一并列分句.译文为:即使是最老道的作家也很可能描述出全部特征,这些特征能够体现出各人面孔的不同.
2. 宾词从句常
宾词从句一般在句子中做宾语,它总体上也符合汉语主、谓、宾表达方式.而四六级英译汉试题中的宾语从句本身也较容易,没有复杂结构.故此类试题用顺向法即可翻译出,即顺着字面的内容从前向后翻译,也就是通常所指的直译.
例(1)Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 ream without being damaged.
解析:此句话的句子结构很简单,than引导的宾语从句主、谓、宾俱全,more…than是一比较结构,可译成“超过”,without引导的介词短语作状语.全句按字面意思即可译出:科学家有理由认为一个人可以忍受远远超过0.1雷姆的幅射而不受伤害.
例(2)Too often we believe what accounts for other”s success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇).But rarely is success so mysterious.
解析:此句句子结构也较简单,“Too often”作状语提前(汉语也有此表达方式),believe后面是一个省略that的宾语从句,但从句的主语又是一个what引导的完整句子.第二句是一个含否定意义的倒装句.但整个句子结构基本符合汉语习惯,故可用顺向法翻译为:我们常常相信别人的成功是由于某种特殊的奥秘或者某种机遇.但成功是很少如此神秘的.
3. 状语部分常考
英语中作状语部分时一从句,有时是介词或连词短语.英语的状语部分位置和汉语中的状语位置有时不同,考生做题时要符合汉语表达方式将它提前.故可采用逆向翻译法,即先译后面内容,再译前面的.
例(1)But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
解析:此句中,重点考的是对“almost as well……as they did with it”部分的翻译.考生首先要分析出句子结构,主语是that引导的同位语从句,谓语是“is”, 宾语“victory”.As well … as 考生可将其调为“as well as they did with it without government”.这样,整个句子各部分分清楚之后,考生翻译时把相应状语提前,整个句子表达就通顺了.译文:但是,对许多人而言,穷人象以往一样在没有*救济的情况下,生活照样过得很好,这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利.
例(2)What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose profession identity(身份)than to step out of uniform?
解析:此句只要把“for…,or a waiter” 这个状语提前,整个句子结构就容易看出:for…,wate easier way is there to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 所以该句可翻译为:对于一名护士、一名警察、一为理发师或一名侍者而言,还有什么比脱掉制服更加便利的方法能让他们失去职业身份呢?
4.同位语从句常考
同位语从一般都较长,考生先将该从句用顺译法或合成法(视具体情况而定)译成一独立分句,然后前面的先先词视具体情况取舍或巧妙安排.
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.
解析:此句重点考that引导的同位语从句译法,该从句中还套用一个who引导的定语从句.考生可以把that引导的同位语从句单独译成一分句.译文为:给我们留下极深印象的事实是:甚至那些没有被告知严重病情的疾人,对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的.
例(2)But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well as without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
解析:该句是一个that引导的同位语从句作主语,考生先将that后面内容翻译出来,然后把“the fact”调到后面作is主语.译文为:对许多人而言,穷人象以往一样在没有*救济的情况下,生活照样过得很好,这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利.
5.表语从句译法
四六级英语英译汉中考了一题表语从句译法.一般而言,是将表语从句部分单独译成一个分句.如果表语从句结构复杂,可将复杂结构肢解成简单句子.
例(1)My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
解析:该句表语从句中有一个现在分词后置定语,可用合成法将它放置在先行词one前.其他的可按顺向法译出.
译文:我的观点是,一代人对今跟其后的另一代人的频繁抱怨是不可避免的.