反义疑问句的构成及用法

一、反意疑问句的意义及其构成
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定,而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句.其结构为：前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简单的问句.完成后一部分简单问句时,要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问,前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致.如果前一部分用肯定式,后一部分一般用否定式；反之,前一部分为否定式,后一部分要用肯定式,即“前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定”.

二、简单句式结构中反意疑问句的运用
反意疑问句运用于简单句式结构中时,我们应注意掌握以下几个方面
1、当陈述句部分的主语是名词时,反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替.
例 Your brother has gone to the library, hasn’t he? 你弟弟去图书馆了,是吗?
2、当陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that时,反意疑问句的主语用it代替；指示代词是these, those时,反意疑问句的主语用they代替.
例 That isn’t a useful book, is it? 那不是一本有用的书,是吗?
These are important reading materials, aren’t they? 这些都是重要的阅读材料,是吗?
3、当陈述句部分是I am…时,反意疑问句部分通常要用aren’t I；如陈述句部分的主语是I am not时,反意疑问句部分通常要用am I.
例 I’m late for the meeting, aren’t I? 我开会迟到了,是吗?
I’m not doing well, am I? 我干得不好,是吗?
4、当陈述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表示人的不定代词时,反意疑问句部分的主语多用they,但也可用he；当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代词时,反意疑问句部分的主语用it.
例 Nobody came when I was out, did they? 我在外时,没人来过,是吗?
Everything has gone wrong today, hasn’t it? 今天什么都出问题了,是不是?
5、当陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其它”结构时,反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there”结构.
例 There are some bananas in the basket, aren’t there? 篮子里有些香蕉,是吗?
6、当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时,有两种情况 .
（1）have作“有”解时,反意疑问句部分可用have（not）或do（not）的相应形式.
例 His brother has a new bike, hasn’t (doesn’t) he? 他弟弟有一辆新自行车,是吗?
（2）have用作实义动词时,反意疑问句部分只可用do（not）的相应形式.
例 We have to start early, don’t we? 我们必须早点出发,是吗?
7、当陈述部分有hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式.
注 如果陈述句部分是带有否定前缀或后缀时,反意疑问句部分仍用否定结构.
例 It’s impossible for him to make such a mistake, isn’t it? 他不可能犯这样的错误,是吗?
8、当陈述部分有情态动词ought to时,反意疑问句部分要用ought / should (oughtn’t / shouldn’t)；如陈述部分为情态动词used to,反意疑问部分可用 used或did；如陈述部分为had better,反意疑问部分用hadn’t或shouldn’t.
例 Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? 这种事是不允许的,是吗?
You’d better do it by yourself, hadn’t / shouldn’t you? 你最好自己做,好吗?
9、当陈述句部分有情态动词must时,反意疑问部分有四种情况
（1）must表示“必须、禁止“时,反意疑问部分要用must (mustn’t) .
例 You mustn’t stop your car here, must you? 你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗?
（2）must表示“有必要”时,反意疑问句部分要用needn’t.
例 They must finish the work today, needn’t they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作,是吗?
（3）当must用来表示对现在的情况进行“推测”时,反意疑问部分要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式.
例 He must be good at maths, isn’t he? 他数学一定学得很好,是吗?
（4）当must用来表示对过去的情况进行“推测”（must + have done）时,如强调对过去情况的推测（一般句中有过去的时间状语）,反意疑问句部分要用“didn’t + 主语”；如果强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语）,反意疑问句部分要用“haven’t / hasn’t + 主语”.
例 She must have read the novel last week, didn’t she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说了,是吗?
You must have told her about it, haven’t you? 你一定把这事告诉她了,是吗?
10、当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish时,反意疑问部分要用may,而且前后两个部分均用肯定式.
例 I wish to go to the moon by spaceship some day, may I? 我希望总有一天能乘宇宙飞船去月球.
11、感叹句的反意疑问句一律使用否定式,并用be的一般现在时形式.
例 What a foolish child (he is), isn’t he? 多傻的孩子啊,不是吗?
三、并列分句结构中反意疑问句的运用
当陈述句是由并列连接词and, but, or, for, so等连接的两个并列分句组成时,反意疑问句部分一般与最接近的分句保持一致,也就是说,对后一分句进行反问.
例 He was a lazy child, and he didn’t pass the exam, did he? 他是一个偷懒的孩子,他没能通过考试,是吗?
四、复合句结构中反意疑问句的运用
反意疑问句用于主从复合句结构中时,要注意以下三种情况
1.一般情况下,陈述句部分是主从复合句时,反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应与主句中的主语和动词保持一致.
例 This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isn’t it? 这是他第二次去日本,是吗?
2.在宾语从句中,如果陈述句部分是“I think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect等) + 宾语从句”, 反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致,并要注意否定转移.
例 I don’t think you have heard of him before, have you? 我认为你以前没有听说过他,是吗?
注当think等这些动词的主语不是第一人称,或主语是第一人称,而动词时态不是一般现在时或一般过去时,这时,反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主句保持一致.
例 Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesn’t she? 玛丽认为你将来参加晚会,是吗?
3.当陈述句部分为主语从句时,反意疑问句的主语用it.
例 That he didn’t pass the entrance exam made his parents very angry, didn’t it? 他没有通过入学考试使得他的父母十分生气,是吗?
五、祈使句结构中反意疑问句的运用
祈使句反意疑问句的构成,必须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其反意部分,有四种形式.
1．祈使句的肯定形式,其反意问句表示“请求”时,通常用will you；表示“邀请、劝说”时,用won’t you.
例 Be sure to write to us, will you? 一定要给我们写信,好吗?（表示“请求”）
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you? 今晚跟我们一起来吃饭,好吗?（表示“邀请”）
2．祈使句的否定形式,其反意疑问句通常只用will you构成.
例 Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you? 请不要在会议室抽烟,好吗?
3．变异祈使句,即句首为一呼语,后接第二人称代词引导的一个一般现在时的陈述句,这时,我们应视为无主语的祈使句结构,反意疑问句部分要用will you构成.
例 Mike, you take all these tables out of the next room, will you? 迈克,你把这些桌子都搬出隔壁房间,好吗?
4． Let开头的祈使句,构成反意疑问句时,除Let’s用shall we构成反意疑问句外,其它均用will you.
例 Let the boy go first, will you? 让那男孩先走,好吗?
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we? 晚饭后,我们去散步,好吗?
六、反意疑问句的回答
对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no.要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语正好相反.这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”.
例 ---He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球,是吗?
---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的./ 不是.
---His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?
---Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了./ 是的,她没参加.
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语.
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义.
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语.
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）.
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语.
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语.
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语.
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定.
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语.
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定.
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it.
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定.
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句.
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he.
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语.
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语.
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you.
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词.
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式.
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主语
no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词肯定含义
ought to（肯定的） shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中 be +主语
Neither…nor, either…or 根据其实际逻辑意义而定
指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this 主语用it
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will you?
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式