初一下册英语笔记

一、形容词与副词：
1、形容词和副词的比较级和*：
（1）形容词和副词比较级和*的构成.a.规则变化；b.不规则变化；
a.规则变化:
一般是加er和 est
b.不规则变化:
1)当有y结尾的,改y为i加er和est
2)当有重读的闭音节时（如big是闭音节,而且重读,一般是单音节,少数是双音节）时,双写末尾字母再加er和est
3)大多数双音节词和所有多音节词,在前面加more和most
4)特殊词有特殊的比较级和*
good-better-best
bad-worse-worst
hit-hit-hit
（2）形容词副词的比较级和*的用法；
1. -Which is ____ season in Beijing?(2003年)
-I think it's autumn.
A. good B. better C. best D. the best
解析：正确答案为D.该题的核心词为season.根据比较级与*的知识,两者之间用比较级,而三者或三者以上用*,北京有四季,因此本题应选择*.又因为形容词*前要加定冠词the,因此答案为D.
2. - Which is__________ , the sun, the moon or the earth?(2004年)
-- Of course, the moon is.
A. small B. smaller C. smallest D. the smallest
解析：正确答案为D.该题的核心词在第一句句尾,"the sun, the moon or the earth",提问的对象为三者,应该选择*.
3. The air in Beijing is getting much _____ now than a few years ago.(2005年)
A. clean B. cleaner C. cleanest D. the cleanest
解析：正确答案为B.该题的核心词为than,than一词是比较级的标志.
4. Mobile phones are very popular now and they are _____ than before.(2005年)
A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest
解析：正确答案为B.该题与第三题相似,核心词为than.
（3）“as+形容词/副词原型+as”和“so+形容词/副词原型+as”的用法.
as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as.
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
补充知识：
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式.
as +形容词+ a +单数名词
as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can……
1）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面.
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
2）倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
比较级形容词或副词 + than
You are taller than I.
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级.
（错）He is more cleverer than his brother.
（对）He is more clever than his brother.
（对）He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中.
（错）China is larger that any country in Asia.
（对）China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则.
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词.
比较：
Which is large,Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
二、冠词：
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义.英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词（the Definite Article）,另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article）,还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）.
1、不定冠词的用法；
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思.a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en].
1) 表示"一个",意为one；指某人或某物,意为a certain.
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物.
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
补充： 词组或成语.
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a
hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2、定冠词的用法；
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那（这）个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西.
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
Take the medicine. 把药吃了.
2）上文提到过的人或事：
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子.我去过那幢房子.
3）指世上独一物二的事物：
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物,如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living
生者.
5）用在序数词和形容词*,及形容词only, very, same等前面：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层.
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西.
6）与复数名词连用,指整个群体：
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)
7）表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前：
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂.
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People's **
the United States美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴.
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人：