高考英语阅读理解如何猜测生词词义

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高考英语阅读理解如何猜测生词词义

高考英语阅读理解如何猜测生词词义猜测生词词义是高考英语阅读理解的一个重要考点,并且有时所占比例较高,如1999 年的全国高考题就有5 个小题(第 55、57、58、64、69题)是考查猜测生词词义的,占到了该年阅读理解总题量的四分之一。因此要想做好阅读理解题,获得阅读理解高分,就必须要掌握一些猜词方法,具备一定的猜词能力。下面是几种行之有效的猜测生词词义的方法:一、同义解释法有时文章中尽管出现有生词,但作者可能以某种方式对生词进行了解释,如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely 等释义性词语或短语进行解释,或利用破折号、同位语、同位语从句、定语从句等解释。同学们若能充分利用这种同义解释的关系,便可轻易地猜测出生词的词义。如:●But sometimes, no rain falls for a long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought. 句中的or 告诉我们:drought 与a dry period 同义,即表示“干旱,旱灾”。●The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 5,000 yuan a year.定语从句 who looks after sheep 表明 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”。●We are on the night shift — from midnight to 8 am — this week.两个破折号之间的短语清楚地表明 night shift 是“夜班”的意思。另外,有时作者还可能用定义法这一更直白的解释方法来对生词进行解释,此法通常涉及的动词有 be, mean, deal with, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as 等。如:●Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.只要读懂句意,并结合生活常识,便可知 annealing 的意思是“退火”。●Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology 的意思是“研究人类的科学”,即“人类学”。二、因果推断法有时对生词词义的猜测需要结合上下文的因果关系来进行推断,既可以是根据原因推测结果,也可以是根据结果推测原因。英语中通常用于表示因果关系的词语有 because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore, so [such]…that 等。如:●There were so many people in the square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.根据句中的 so many people in the square,可知结果状语从句中的 elbow 意为“挤,挤过”。●You shouldn’t reproach him for that, for it wasn’t his fault.根据句中的 for it wasn’t his fault(那不是他的错),可推知reproach 的意思应是“责备”。[1][2][3]下一页 说明:引用此文请注明出处,并请保留该文章链接地址,谢谢~~三、前后对比法有时作者对文章中的生词给出了一定的对比背景,并且这种背景通常以反义或对照的方式出现。表示这种对比的词和短语主要有 unlike, not, but, while, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast to [with], compared with, used to, on the other hand 等。如:●He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据句中的 not at all as handsome 可推知 homely 的意思是“不英俊,不漂亮”。●Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite kind and modest. 句中的 supercilious 是个生词,但是句中短语 in contrast(相对照的,相对比的)告诉我们 supercilious 和后面词组 kind and modest(友好又谦虚)是对比关系,由此可知 supercilious 的意思是“傲慢的,目空一切的”。●American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.第一句说 expect employees to be punctual,而第二句说 not expect that the workers will come late,显然 punctual 应为 come late 之反义,即表示“准时,不迟到”。四、基本构词法即根据基本的构词法知识来推测生词的词义。基本的构词法包括前缀、后缀、复合等,同学们若平时积累了一定的构词法知识并在考试时充分运用,效果有时是十分明显的。如:●Overwork may cause diseases. 前缀 over- 的意思是“过分的,过量的”,故 overwork 的意思应为“工作过度”。●Bullfight is very popular in Spain.根据构词法:bullfight= bull(公牛) + fight(打,搏斗)。根据常识:斗牛是西班牙一种颇为流行的体育运动。由此可知 bullfight 意为“斗牛”。五、语境理解法即根据文章的语境情景进行分析和推理,从而猜测出生词的词义。我们平时说“词不离句”,讲的就是对于词语的正确理解依赖于一定的句子(包括上下文)情景。所以同学们在猜测生词词义时,一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子,对生词进行合情合理同时又合乎上下文语境的推测。如:●Have you got a piece of bread or something? I’m really famished.根据上文问句的内容可以断定 famished 的意思是“饥饿的”,相当于 very hungry。●The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.根据句意和常识可知 lintel 的意思应该是“过梁”。●All the oth