用英语简介三个奥运体育场.

姘寸珛鏂更br/>The National Aquatics Centre,known as 'The Water Cube',will be one of the most dramatic and exciting venues to feature sporting events for the Beijing Olympics in 2008.
The interior of the Centre also makes a strong impression
In July 2003,the consortium of Arup,architecture firm PTW,the CSCEC (China State Construction and Engineering Corporation) and the CSCEC Shenzhen Design Institute (CSCEC+DESIGN) won the international design competition for the National Aquatics Centre for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
The competition,which was judged by a panel of international architects,engineers and pre-eminent Chinese academics,commenced with submissions from ten international consortia and also involved a public exhibition and vote.
The Water Cube looks set to be ready in October 2007.Both the concrete and the steel structure have been completed,and 500 m² of prototype cladding was installed in April,2006.The next phase is to install all of the cladding and then follow on with de-propping the internal structure and completing the interior.
The building's structural design is based on the natural formation of soap bubbles
To arrive at the building's structural design,which is based on the natural formation of soap bubbles to give a random,organic appearance,we used research undertaken by Weaire and Phelan (professors of physics) into how soap bubbles might be arranged in an infinite array.
To bring the design to life,the individual bubbles are incorporated into a plastic film and tailored like a sewing pattern.An entire section is pieced together and then put into place within the structure.There are interior and exterior films,and the film is then inflated once it is in-situ.It will be continuously pumped thereafter.
The actual pumping has been sub-contracted,and once the installation is complete the operator will be responsible for both the operation and maintenance of the facade for ten years.This was a key component of the brief and in the choice of contractor.
The project is an opportunity for us to offer our expertise in sustainable services.The building will use solar energy to heat the pools and the interior area,and all backwash water is to be filtered and returned to the swimming pools.
The scheme and design for the project was developed in Australia.The project has now been handed over to a team in Beijing who are taking care of the construction.
楦熷发
Beijing National Stadium (Bird's Nest/Olympic Stadium)
The Beijing National Stadium,also known as the bird's nest will be the main track and field stadium for the 2008 Summer Olympics and will be host to the Opening and Closing ceremonies.In 2002 Government officials engaged architects worldwide in a design competition.Pritzker Prize-winning architects Herzog & de Meuron collaborated with ArupSport and China Architecture Design & Research Group to win the competition.The stadium will seat as many as 100,000 spectators during the Olympics,but this will be reduced to 80,000 after the games.It has replaced the original intended venue of the Guangdong Olympic Stadium.The stadium is 330 metres long by 220 metres wide,and is 69.2 metres tall.The 250,000 square metre (gross floor area) stadium is to be built with 36 km of unwrapped steel,with a combined weight of 45,000 tonnes.The stadium will cost up to 3.5 billion yuan (422,873,850 USD/ 325,395,593 EUR).The ground was broken in December 2003,and construction started in March 2004,but was halted by the high construction cost in August 2004.
In the new design,the roof of the stadium had been omitted from the design.Experts say that this will make the stadium safer,whilst reducing construction costs.The construction of the Olympic buildings will continue once again in the beginning of 2005.
In depth
The stadium's appearance is one of synergy,with no distinction made between the facade and the superstructure.The structural elements mutually support each other and converge into a grid-like formation - almost like a bird's nest with its interwoven twigs.The spatial effect of the stadium is novel and radical,yet simple and of an almost archaic immediacy,thus creating a unique historical landmark for the Olympics of 2008.
The stadium was conceived as a large collective vessel,which makes a distinctive and unmistakable impression both from a distance and when seen from up close.It meets all the functional and technical requirements of an Olympic National Stadium,but without communicating the insistent sameness of technocratic architecture dominated by large spans and digital screens.
Visitors walk through this formation and enter the spacious ambulatory that runs full circle around the stands.From there,one can survey the circulation of the entire area including the stairs that access the three tiers of the stands.Functioning like an arcade or a concourse,the lobby is a covered urban space with restaurants and stores that invite visitors to stroll around.Just as birds stuff the spaces between the woven twigs of their nests with a soft filler,the spaces in the structure of the stadium will be filled with inflated ETFE cushions.Originally,on the roof,the cushions were to be mounted on the outside of the structure to make the roof completely weatherproof,but the roof has been omitted from the design in 2004.
While the rain was to be collected for rainwater recuperation,the sunlight was to filter through the translucent roof,providing the lawn with essential ultraviolet radiation.On the facade,the inflated cushions will be mounted on the inside of the structure where necessary,e.g.to provide wind protection.Since all of the facilities -- restaurants,suites,shops and restrooms -- are all self-contained units,it is possible to do largely without a solid,enclosed facade.This allows for natural ventilation of the stadium,which is the most important aspect of the stadium's sustainable design.
The sliding roof was an integral part of the stadium structure.When it was to be closed,it would have converted the stadium into a covered arena; however,the sliding roof was eliminated in an effort to cut costs and increase overall safety of the radical new structure.
鍥藉?浣撹偛鍦 = 楦熷发
National Palaestra (Bird's Nest)