新目标八年级上册3 4单元语法

八年级上 Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?
一、语法：复习现在进行时态
现在分词的构成：现在分词也叫动词的ing 形式.
1、直接在动词后加ing,如：look—looking,sleep—sleeping
2、以不发音的“e”结尾的动词,去“e”再加ing,如write---writing、give---giving、have---having.
3、以“ie”结尾的动词,把“ie”变为y再加ing,如：lie---lying躺,tie---tying捆,die---dying死.
4、以一个辅音字母结尾,中间只有一个元音字母,末尾的辅音字母发它相对的辅音符号的音,双写这个辅音字母再加ing.
如：get---getting变得,sit---sitting坐,put---putting放,shop---shopping购物,stop---stopping停止,swim---swimming游泳,plan---planning计划,babysit---babysitting临时照顾,kid---kidding开玩笑.
5、某几个动词go去、come来、leave离开、move移动,fly飞 等可用现在进行时态的结构表达“将要发生”的含义.
We are leaving next week.
综合练习：
1、How often ____you _____________ ( exercise ) ? Twice a week .
What ______ Mr. Green ______ ( do ) on his day off ? He often __________
1、( visit ) his parents .
2、They are _______________ ( plan ) to plant some trees .
3、Look ,the kids _________________ ( play ) games .
4、Keep quiet ! The managers __________________ ( have ) an important meeting .
5、The train will _________________ ( arrive ) in ten minutes .
6、When _______ he ______ ( begin ) to study English ? Three years ago .
8、_______ the Smiths _____________ ( take ) a walk yesterday ?
9、It’s 6:30 now , Jim is ____________ ( get ) up .
10、Listen, a plane ____________ ( fly ) in the sky .
表示：1、现在正在发生的动作,常用的时间状语有：now现在,at this time 现在,此时,at the moment 现在,right now现在,It’s 2:51 现在是2:51.
（1）He is sleeping ( sleep) at this time.
（2）It’s 2:51. We are having (have) an English class.
2、当一个现在的动作发生时,另一个动作也同时发生,这个动作用现在进行时态.如：look看, listen听, Sh,别说话, Don’t make any noise 别制造噪音. be quiet means keep quiet保持安静.
（1）Don’t make any noise , Mr. Yu is sleeping （sleep）.
（2）Listen, a plane is flying ( fly ) in the sky.
（3）Look, they are cleaning ( clean ) the park.
构成：肯定句：主语 + am、is、are + 动-ing + 其它
否定句：主语 + am is + are not + 动-ing + 其它
疑问句：Am / Is / Are+主语+动- ing + 其它
1、He is mending his car.
否：He is not mending his car.
疑：Is he mending his car?
Yes. he is . No, he isn’t.

二、短语：
1、vacation plans 度假计划 a very relaxing vacation take a long vacation 休长假
2、have a nice time, have a good time , have a happy time. enjoy oneself , have fun . 过得愉快
3、think about 考虑4、decide on决定
5、rent videos 租碟带6、go bike riding、ride a bike骑自行车
7、take walks、take a walk去散步8、too long 太久
9、relax at home在家休息10、send…from 从……寄……
11、spend time with friends和朋友一起度过时光
1. We took part in Poul’s party last night , we ___________ ( 玩得高兴 ).
2.________________ (散步) after supper is good for health .
3.On his day off , he likes ____________________ (在家休息 ) .
4.It _________________ ( 决定 ) how you deal with it .
（三）、词形关系
名词：用来做主语和宾语.主语是动作行为的执行者.宾语是动作行为的承受者.
动名词：是语法上的名词.是为了让动词能够做主语和宾语而创立的一种动词形式.动名词之后还可有它自己的宾语.
形容词：与be连用,说明主语的状态和特征.修饰名词,放在名词之前.
Be 可以和形容词、名词、介词短语、现在分词,过去分词等连用,就是不能和动词原形连用.
副词：用来修饰动词、形容词或整个句子.
动词：说明主语是什么或干什么.在句中做谓语.动词在句中做谓语时要考虑时态.不做谓语时,要考虑用动名词还是不定式.
形容词与副词的构成关系：
在形容词的后面加-ly变成副词.
polite 礼貌的 politely 礼貌地,careful细心的 carefully仔细地
以辅音字母加Yy ( Yy发[ I ] )结尾的形容词,改Yy为 Ii再加-ly .
easy容易的 easily容易地, happy 高兴的 happily, lucky 幸运的 luckily
以辅音字母加le 结尾的形容词,去e再加-y
terrible 可怕的 terribly, simple 简单的 simply, comfortable 舒适的 comfortably
tour旅行tourist旅行者art艺术artist艺术家
science科学scientist科学家
四、词的特征：下列动词做谓语,后面的动词要加ing
finish完成、mind介意、practice练习
1、I just finished making (make) my last movies.作谓语
2、Do you mind waiting (wait)for me a moment ?
3、Practice speaking (speak)English every day.
同义词组
1、get back、come back回来2、take a walk、take walks散步
3、ride a bike、go bike riding（ride）骑自行车
五、形容词定语后置与不定代词的修饰关系.
形容词修饰名词,放在名词之前.如：a beautiful coat. a black car.
但是形容词修饰不定代词时,必须放在不定代词的后面.叫定语后置.
1、Mom, I’m hungry. Can you give me something delicious to eat?
2、Let me tell you something important .
3、I want to travel somewhere warm.

八年级上 Unit 4 How do you get to school ?
一、语法：复习一般现在时态（有关乘车的表达）
二、知识点：（一）、乘车的表达：
用动词take,take 是动词、在句中作谓语.
1、take the（a）bus 乘汽车, 2、take the subway 乘地铁
3、take the train乘火车 , 4、take the boat 乘船.
I take the bus to school.我乘汽车去上学.（ to,是介词,表示到……地方）
You may take a No. 11 bus to the train station .你可以乘11路车到火车站.
Ø用介词by、in、on表示乘车、是介词短语作方式状语.常和come、go、get to一起使用.
1、by bus：in the bus乘汽车、by train：on a train乘火车、by subway：in the subway乘地铁、by boat：on a boat 乘船.
如果用by表示乘车.by和交通工具之间不能有冠词.
It takes him 10 minutes to have breakfast.
It takes her half to do the housework.
对多长时间提问用：how long . How long does it take him to have breakfast?
The bus ride usually takes about / around 25 minutes.乘汽车大约要花费25分钟.
ride,名词, 乘汽车的时间.
如果用in、on表示乘车.in、on和交通工具之间必须有冠词.
I go to work by motorbike. by motorbike：on the motorbike.说明去上班的方式,叫做方式状语
1、We go to school by bike .We go to school on the bike.
2、He takes the plane to America.. He goes to America by plane.
3、We take the train here. We come here by train. here是副词、副词之前的to要省略.
4、walk 动词、作谓语.on foot 介词短语 . 说明来,去的方式
Let’s walk to school. ： Let’s go to school on foot. 我们步行去上学.
（二）、take用作花费：表示做某事花费某人多少时间
It takes somebody sometime to do something. it叫做式主语,to do something是真正的主语
It takes me 35 minutes to go to school .
（三）、Taking by boat must be a lot more fun than taking a bus.
Taking by boat动名词做主语.must表猜测,一定
a lot 放在比较级more之前,说明比较的程度.
6、 How far is it from home to school?
（对距离）（这段距离）（ 从……到……）
It’s 5 kilometers.
（四）、词的特征
also也,位于be 之后,一般动词之前. too也, 放在句末.
either也不 用于否定句,放在句末.
（1）Some students also walk to school. Some students walk to school, too.
（2）He is also a doctor.He is a doctor, too.
（3）He doesn’t like tofu, I don’t like either.
位于be之后,一般动词之前的词还有：all 所有的, both 两个都
三、短语
1、get to 到达arrive in到达大地方arrive at 到达小地方
2、be different frombe not the same as 与……不一样
3、from…to…从……到…… from morning to afternoon.从早上到下午
from head to foot. 从头到脚.
4、The number of students in class 0513 is 60.
学生的数量,主语
5、A number of students are ill.许多学生病了.
许多学生
A small number of students take（take）the car.
少量学生
5、means of transportation. 交通工具 6、train ride . 乘火车的时间
7、be ill in the hospital. 生病住院 8、leave for =go 去
9、depend on 视……而决定 decide on决定于