英语翻译

英语翻译
1,Obstruents—stops and fricatives----classified as voiced(b,p)are voiced through only a small part of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.
2,so-called voiced stops and affricates/b,d/are voiceless when syllable initial,except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound
3,the approximants/w,r/are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial /p,k/
This is due to the overlapping of the gesture required for aspiration with the voicing gesture required for the approximant.(note that the formal statement says at least partially voiceless.Conflicts between statements and transcriptions of this kind will be discussed further below)
4,the gestures for consecutive stops overlap,so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop in words
5,in many accents of English,syllable final/p,t/are accompanied by an overlapping glottal stop gesture ,as in pronunciations of tip,(this is another case where transcription cannot fully describe what is going on)
6,in many accents of english ,/t/is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word
7,nasals are syllabic at end of a word when immediately after an obstruent
Note that we cannot say that nasals become syllabic whenever they occur at the end of a word and after a consonant.the nasals in kils,film are not syllabicity of /l/by saying simply.
8,the lateral /l/ is syllabic at the end of aword when immediately after a consonant.
This statement summarizes the fact that /l/is syllabic not only after stops and fricatives,but also after nasals .the only problem with this rule is what happens after /r/.it is correct for word such as barrel butdoes not work in most forms of American English ,when /r/ has to be considered as part of the vowel.
When it is not part of the vowel,/r/ is like /l/ in most forms of American English in that it,too,can be syllabic when it occurs at end of a word and after a consonant,as new term,liquid,which is used simply as a cover term for the consonants/l,r/,we may rephrase the statement in (12)and sya
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