定语从句和被动语态

定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句.
① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面.如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔.)
② 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词.
③ 关系代词或关系副词的作用：
关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语.which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语.定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略.This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷.) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间.)
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语.如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间.) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子.)
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整.非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思.如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书.)
[注解]
1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词部分含有*,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实.) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车.)
2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物. 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说.)
3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略.如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人.)
4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the roomMiss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间.)
(5) 主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句.位于谓语动词之前.通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导.一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾.如：When we should start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢.)
中考英语被动语态完全手册

一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的.英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.巧记为：主动、主动、主去动.

例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的.
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象.巧记为：被动、被动、主被动.例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者.
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念.所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子.
例如：He opened the door.他开了门.(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了.(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成.人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的.现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成.
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
歌诀是：被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面.
三、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁.
例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了.(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年.
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者.
例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的.
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的.
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证.
歌诀：谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要；
动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到.
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式).
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格.例如：
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are madeby themin the factory.
歌诀是：宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟.
谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用.
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留.
歌诀是：情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留.例如：
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.