评价中国食品安全问题的主要因素

　　先是汉字,后边是englishi@↖(^ω^)↗
　　食品安全有多种定义,目前普遍采用的食品安全概念是世界卫生组织在1996年提出的,即“对食品按其原定用途进行制作和食用时不会使消费者受害的一种担保,它主要是指在食品的生产和消费过程中没有达到危害程度一定剂量的有毒、有害物质或因素的加入,从而保证人体按正常剂量和以正确方式摄入这样的食品时不会受到急性或慢性的危害,这种危害包括对摄入者本身及其后代的不良影响.”
　　1我国食品安全问题原因分析
　　1.1我国食品安全问题的现状
　　近年来,我国食品工业一直呈高速发展状态,食品工业生产总值和销售收入已经连续多年位居中国制造业首位,已经成为国民经济发展的重要产业之一.同时,在工业化及全球化高速发展的今天,随着食品生产和生活水平的现代化,人们对食品的消费逐渐向社会化转变,由原来主要由家庭烹饪转向以专业企业加工生产为主,食品安全的隐患也随之增加,食品安全问题已日益成为人们强烈关注的问题.
　　目前,我国食品安全方面存在的问题主要有以下几点：第一,微生物源仍是影响我国食品卫生和安全的最主要因素；第二,从农田到餐桌食物链污染情况严重.一是源头污染问题较为严重,如瘦肉精残留问题,二是环境污染物给食品卫生带来影响,如二恶英问题；第三,食品企业违法生产、加工食品现象不容忽视,像阜阳奶粉事件,苏丹红事件等等；第四,食品新技术新资源的应用带来新的食品安全隐患；第五,食品安全研究发现的新问题.随着食品安全科技的发展,传统加工工艺的食品也不断被发现具有安全隐患.
　　1.2不良的监管机制是食品安全的根本原因
　　食品安全问题频发的深层次原因,应归结于目前食品安全监管*的不完善,它存在协调性差、部门利益化、监管效率等问题.
　　尽管我国发布的涉及食品监管的法律法规有几十部之多,但这些法律法规的系统性和协调性很差.很多法规和政策出自不同部门,然而数量众多的法律规范并没有构成一个“从农田到餐桌”的规则系统；相反由于立法的部门化,造成监管权力分化、监管标准混乱,甚至某些环节上监管缺位.
　　2.食品安全的产业组织视角分析
　　2.1食品行业的市场结构分析
　　市场结构是现代产业组织理论中,特别是SCP分析框架最基本的概念和研究主题,指某一市场中各种要素之间的内在联系及特征,包括市场供给者之间、需求者之间、供给者和需求者之间以及市场上现有的供给者、需求者与正在进入该市场的供给者、需求者之间的关系.换言之,一个特定市场中的各个市场主体在市场交易中的地位、作用、比例关系以及它们在市场上交换的商品的特点,即形成了具体产业的市场结构.理论上市场结构常分为四种类型：完全竞争、完全垄断、垄断竞争、寡头垄断.考察一种市场结构状况必须要有一定的量化指标进行衡量,这是SCP分析框架常用的分析一个行业结构状况的方法.测量一个产业的市场集中度可以使用两种方法：一是绝对集中法,二是相对集中法.绝对集中法主要包括行业集中度、赫芬达尔指数,相对集中法包括洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数.
　　①行业集中度
　　行业集中度是最常用、最简单易行的绝对集中度的衡量指标,是指行业内规模最大的前几位企业的有关数值X（可以是产值、产量、销售额、销售量、职工人数、资产总额等）占整个市场或行业的份额.行业集中度的总和反映了企业数量与企业规模这两个决定市场结构的重大方面,但行业集中度率主要只是反映了前几位大企业的总体规模和分布,不一定能够揭示前几位大企业个别规模和分布,即使两个产业的集中度率相同,但由于企业规模分布的差异,其垄断竞争程度也将会有所不同.同时,行业集中度率将全国作为一个整体,没有反映国际经济关系和地区经济关系对产业竞争性的影响,难以考虑在全国集中率不高但在本地集中率高的本地化市场以及行业间产品的竞争等,因而有可能低估或高估产业竞争性.
　　绝对集中度计算公式：
　　CRn=∑（Xi/X）=∑Si
　　其中,X为市场中全部企业的销售总额,Xi为该市场中第i位企业的销售额,CRn既是市场中前n位企业的绝对集中度.并对照贝恩的市场结构分类表来判断.
　　市场结构分类表
　　②赫芬达尔指数：
　　经济学界和*管制部门还有一个使用较多的指标是HHI,即赫芬达尔赫尔希曼指数,该指数是一种测量产业集中度的综合指数,指行业中所有企业市场份额百分比的平方和.赫芬达尔指数是产业市场集中度测量指标中较好的一个,具有如下特点.(1)当独家企业垄断时,该指数等于10000,当所有企业规模相同时,该指数等于1/n,故而这一指标在1/n～100000之间变动,数值越大,表明企业规模分布的不均匀度越高.(2)兼有绝对集中度和相对集中度指标的优点,并避免了它们的缺点.因为该值对规模较大的上位企业的市场份额反映比较敏感,而对众多小企业的市场份额小幅度的变化反映很小.(3)可以不受企业数量和规模分布的影响,较好地测量产业的集中度变化情况.
　　There are many definitions of food safety, it is now generally used in food safety is the concept of the World Health Organization in 1996, that is, "according to their original use for food production and consumption so that consumers will not suffer as a guarantee that it The main means of food production and consumption process has not reached a certain degree of hazard dose of poisonous and harmful substances or adding factors, thus ensuring the normal human dose and the right way to the intake of such foods would not be acute or chronic Against such hazards, including intake of themselves and their adverse effects on future generations. "
　　   1 China's food safety analysis
　　   1.1 China's food security status quo
　　   In recent years, China's food industry has been the development of high-speed, the food industry and gross domestic product sales revenue for many years has ranked first in China's manufacturing industry has become an important national economic development, one of the industry. At the same time, the rapid development of industrialization and globalization of today, with food production and modernization of the standard of living, people's food consumption gradually to the change of society, mainly from cooking to the family business in a professional production, processing, food safety The risk increases, food safety has increasingly become a strong concern.
　　   At present, China's food safety problems in the following points: first, Microbial source is still the impact of China's food hygiene and safety of the most important factor; Second, the food chain from farm to fork pollution in serious condition. The first is the more serious source of pollution, such as clenbuterol residue problem, and the other is environmental pollutants to the impact of food hygiene, such as dioxin problem; Third, the production of illegal food business, food processing phenomenon can not be ignored, such as milk powder in Fuyang , Sudan and so on the incident; Fourth, new technologies, new food resources, the application of new food safety; Fifth, the study found that food safety problems. With the development of food safety science and technology, traditional processing of food were also found to have hidden safety problems.
　　   1.2 poor food safety supervision mechanism is the root cause
　　   Food security issues frequent the deep-seated reasons, should be attributed to the current food safety regulatory system is far from perfect, there is poor co-ordination, the interests of the sector, the efficiency of supervision.
　　   Despite the release of China's regulation related to food laws and regulations have as many as a dozen or so, but these laws and regulations of the systemic and poor coordination. Many laws and regulations and policies from different departments, but a large number of legal norms did not constitute a "farm to fork" system of rules; on the contrary as a result of the legislative department, caused by the regulatory powers of the division, chaos regulatory standards, and even some areas, regulation Absence.
　　   2.'s Food safety perspective of industrial organization analysis
　　   2.1 The food industry market structure analysis
　　   Market structure of modern theory of industrial organization, especially the most basic framework for analysis of the SCP and the concept of research in a given market between the various elements and characteristics of internal relations, including between the provider market, the demand among, Between suppliers and demand in the market, as well as existing suppliers, and demand is entering the market providers, who demand relationship. In other words, a specific market of the various markets in the main market in the position, role, as well as their proportion in the market, the exchange of merchandise, that is, the formation of a specific industry market structure. In theory the market structure often divided into four types: perfect competition, which completely dominated the competition in monopoly, oligopoly. A study on the structural conditions of the market must have a certain amount of quantitative indicators to measure, which is common framework for analysis of the SCP analysis of a situation of the industry structure. An industry measurement of market concentration can be used two ways: First, the absolute focus on law and the other is the relative concentration of law. The main focus is law, including the industry concentration, the Herfindahl Index, the relative concentration of law, including Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient.
　　   ① industry concentration
　　   Industry concentration is the most commonly used, the most simple absolute concentration of the measure, is the industry's largest number of enterprises before the figure X (can be output, production, sales, sales volume, number of employees, Total assets, etc.) account for the entire industry or market share. Industry concentration reflects the sum of the number of enterprises with the scale of the two companies decided to structure the major markets, but industry concentration is the main rate reflects the number of large enterprises before the overall size and distribution, may not be able to reveal the large number of pre - The size and distribution of individual enterprises, even if the two of the industry concentration rate, but due to differences in the distribution of firm size, degree of competition in their monopoly will be different. At the same time, industry concentration will be the rate of the country as a whole, does not reflect the international economic relations and economic ties to the industry competitive, it is difficult to focus on the national rate is not high in the local high concentration of the localization industry, as well as inter-market products The competition, which is likely to underestimate or overestimate the industry competitive.
　　Absolute concentration formula:
　　CRn = ∑ (Xi / X) = ∑Si
　　One, X for the market's total sales of all enterprises, Xi market for the first i-business sales, CRn is the n-bit pre-market enterprises absolute concentration. Bain and control of the market to determine the structure of the classification.
　　Market Structure Classification
　　  ② Herfindahl Index:
　　Economists and government departments to control and a greater use of the indicator is the HHI, that is, He Fenda Berg Erxi Man index, the index is a measurement of industrial concentration of the index that all enterprises in the industry market share of the percentage of square和. Herfindahl Index is the industry indicator measuring market concentration in a better, with the following characteristics. (1) When an exclusive monopoly enterprises, the index equal to 10000, when the size of the enterprise all the same, the index equal to 1 / n, therefore the targets in the 1 / n ~ 100000 between changes in the value larger-scale enterprises show that the distribution of The higher the degree of uneven. (2) concentration of both absolute and relative concentration of the merits of targets and avoid their shortcomings. Because the value of large-scale enterprise PC market share to reflect a more sensitive, and many of the small business market share slightly to reflect changes in the very small. (3) can not be the number and size of the distribution business, a better measure of the degree of concentration of industry changes.