问一个英语语法

一、构成：There be ...句型表示的是 “某处有(存在)某人或某物”,其结构为There be(is,are,was,were )+名词+地点状语.例如：
There are fifty-two students in our class.
There is a pencil in my pencil-case.
There was an old house by the river five years ago.
二、各种句式：
否定句：There be句型否定句式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样,在be后加上“not”.也可用“no”来表示.即：no + n.（名词）= not a\an\any + n.（名词）.注意：no + n.（可数名词单数）= not a\an + n.（可数名词单数）；no + n.（可数名词复数）= not any + n.（可数名词复数）；no + n.（不可数名词）= not any + n.（不可数名词）.例如：
There is an orange in her bag.
→There isn’t an orange in her bag.
→There is no orange in her bag.
There are some oranges in her bag.
→There aren’t any oranges in her bag.
→There are no oranges in her bag.
There is some juice in the bottle.
→There isn’t any juice in the bottle.
→There is no juice in the bottle.
一般疑问句：There be结构的一般疑问句变化只需把be动词移到句首,再在句尾加上问号即可.例如：
There is some money in her handbag.
　　→ Is there any money in her handbag?(疑问句和否定句中,some改为any,something改为anything.)
There is something new in today’s newspaper.
→There isn’t anything new in today’s newspaper.
→Is there anything new in today’s newspaper?
特殊疑问句：
There be句型的特殊疑问句有以下三种形式：
①对主语提问：当主语是人时,用 “Who’s + 介词短语?”；当主语是物时,用 “What’s + 介词短语?”.其中there在口语中常常省略.注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数,对其提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定).如：
There is a bird in the tree.→What’s in the tree?
There are some bikes over there.→What’s over there?
There is a little girl in the room.→Who is in the room?
②对地点状语提问：用 “Where is \ are + 主语?”表示（注意其答语变化）：例如：
There is a computer in my office.
→ Where is the computer?----It’s in my office.
There are four children in the classroom.
→Where are the four children?—They’ re in the classroom.
③对数量提问：一般有两种提问方式：
如果主语是可数名词,无论是单数还是复数,都用“How many +可数名词复数+ are there + 介词短语?”表示：
There are twelve months in a year.
→How many months are there in a year?
There is only one book in my bag.
→ How many books are there in your bag?
There is a cat in the box.
→ How many cats are there in the box?
如果主语是不可数名词,则用“ How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?”表示：
There is some money in my purse.How much money is there in
your purse?
反意疑问句：There be或There加其它动词,其反意疑问句一律用…there?例如：
There is a beautiful girl in the garden,isn’t there?
There used to be no school here,used there \did there?
三、注意事项：
1.There be句型中be动词的形式要和其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致.
如果句子的主语是单数的可数名词,或是不可数名词,be动词用“is”“was”.例如：
There is a basketball in the box.
There is a little milk in the glass.
如果句子的主语是复数名词,be动词就用“are” “were”.例如：
There are many birds in the tree.
There were many people in the street yesterday.
如果有两个或两个以上的名词作主语,be动词要和最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致,也就是我们常说的“就近原则”.例如：
There is an orange and some bananas in the basket.
There are some bananas and an orange in the basket.
2.There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语 (如和将来时be going to\ will、现在完成时 have\has + pp.、used to结构等连用,注意其构成形式,这一内容在我们日常练习中经常出现错误,是一难点,也是历年中考试题中的一个考点.).例如：
There must be a pen in the box.
There happened to be some money in my pocket.
There is going to be a meeting tonight.
There has been a big tree on the top of the hill.
There used to be a church across from the bank.
3.There be句型和have\has的区别：
There be句型表示 “存在有”,have\has表示 “拥有” “所有”,两者不能同时使用.例如：
桌子上有三本书.There are three books on the desk.
我有三本书.I have three books.
4.There be + 主语 + doing +介词短语.例如：
There is a truck collecting rubish outside.
There is a wallet lying on the ground.