英语-ly副词与其同源副词的用法比较

4.5 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构.
一、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前.
2） 在be动词、助动词之后.
3） 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡.
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾.
He speaks English well.
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后.
2） 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接.
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词.
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词.
改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可.
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
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三、形容词(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用
四、副词(adv.) 表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
(一)形容词的用法及位置
1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前.
Eg. She has short hair.(作定语)
Paul is tall.(作表语)
We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)
2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后.
eg.She has something important to tell us.／
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
(二)副词的种类、用法及位置
1.副词的种类
(1)时间副词
①表示大体时间：now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf
②表示频率：always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地点副词
①表地点：here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere
②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词)：above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past
(3)方式副词 表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成)：badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly
(4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句：how,when, where,why
(6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how,when,where,why
(7)关系副词 引导定语从句：when,where,why
(8)其它性质的副词 对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等.
2.副词的用法及位置
(1)修饰动词作状语
①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后.
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后.
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
(2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前.
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
(3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前.
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
(4)作表语,放在系动词后.
eg.Is anybody in?
(5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后.
eg.I saw him out just now.
(6)作定语,放在名词之后.
eg.There is a man：here On vacation.
(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首.
eg.Finally,I finished the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
(8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后.
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容词和副词的比较等级
1.比较级、*的构成
(1)单音节和少数双音节词
①一般在词尾加er或est
great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
②以e结尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest, busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,early——earlier→earliest
④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或est big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,ht—)fitter→fittest
(2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为*
careful→more careful——most careful
useful——more useful——most useful
popular→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
(3)不规则变化的词
good／well→better→best
bad／ill／badly→worse→worst
many／much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older／elder→oldest(指年龄大小)／eldest(指长幼顺序)
far→farther／further→farthest(指距离)／furthest(指程度)
2.形容词和副词比较级、*的用法
(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法
①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”：
“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B：
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样”：
“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B,
eg.Bill is as funny as his father.
“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
③表示甲在某方面不如乙：
“A+系动词+notas／so+形容i司原级+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助动词／情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS／SO+B”
eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.
④表示某个范围内的两者相比：
“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个.
⑤表示“越来越…”：“比较级+and+比较级”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天变得越来越长.
⑥表示“越…越…”：“the+比较级…the+比较级”
eg.The mort：you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英语练得越多,就会学得越好.
①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰.
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一点；
it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷
⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情.
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.这儿比我的老家热得多.
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多.
(3)形容词和副词*的用法
对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用*.形容词*前面要加定冠词the,副词*前可加the,也可省掉the；后面可带of／in短浯来说明比较范围：
“主语+系动词+the+形容词*+of短语／in短语”
eg.She is the youngest Of all.
“A+谓语动词+(the)+*+of短语／in短语”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
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adjective] 很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种.主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征.形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质, 状态,和特征.
用法
形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语,补语.
She is a good student, and she works hard.
她是一个好学生,她学习努力.
This bike is expensive.
这辆自行车很贵.
I am sorry, I'm busy now.
对不起,我现在很忙.
Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
你为这次会议做好准备吗?
形容词在句中的位置:
形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前.如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定, 越密切的形容词越靠近名词.如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面, 音节多的形容词放在后面.
英语单词中,something, anything, nothing 等不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词放在名词后面.
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事要告诉你.
Is there anything interesting in the film.
电影里有什么有趣的内容吗?
There is nothing dangerous here.
这儿一点都不危险.
由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后.
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书.
用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面.起进一步解释的作用.
Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.
每一个人,男女老少,都应该参加会议.
You can take any box away, big or small.
这些箱子,不管大小,你都可以拿走.
形容词的比较级和*:
绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和*, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同.
形容词的比较级和*:
形容词的比较级和*形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的. 分为规则变化和不规则变化.
规则变化:
1) 单音节形容词的比较级和*形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成.
great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(*)
2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和*是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成.
wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (*)
3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和*是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成.
clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(*)
4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和*是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成.
happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (*)
5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和*是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est.
big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (*)
6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和*需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成.
beautiful (原级)? difficult (原级)
more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级)
most beautiful (*) most difficult (*)
不规则变化
原级 比较级 *
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
deep deeper deepest
tall taller tallest
形容词前如加 less 和 lest 则表示"较不"和"最不"
important 重要 less important 较不重要 lest important 最不重要
形容词比较级的用法:
形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下:
主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分. 也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句.注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分.
Our teacher is taller than we are.
我们老师的个子比我们的高.
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
今天的天气比昨天暖和.
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
这张照片比那张照片漂亮.
This meeting is less important than that one.
这次会议不如那次会议重要.
The sun is much bigger than the moon.
太阳比月亮大得多.
形容词*的用法:
形容词*用于两个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为:
主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词*+名词+表示范围的短语或从句.
She is the best student in her class.
她是班上最好的学生.
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
上海是中国最大城市之一.
This is the biggest apple I have ever met.
这是我见到的最大的苹果.
Tom is the tallest boy in his basketball team.
汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的孩子.
几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 "极,很,非常, 十分".
It's most dangerous to be here.
在这儿太危险.
I cannot do it, it's most difficult.
我干不了这件事,太难了.
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..."表示 " 越... 就越...".
The more you study, the more you know.
你学的越多, 就知道的越多.
The more I have, the more I want.
我越有就越想要有.
The more, the better.
越多越好.
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... ".
It's getting hotter and hotter.
天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer.
真可怜他越来越穷了.
The computer is cheaper and cheaper.
计算机越来越便宜.
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year.
越来越多的人关注明年的会议.
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句.表示两者对比相同.
This box is as big as mine.
这个盒子和我的一样大.
This coat is as cheap as that one.
这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜.
I study English as hard as my brother.
我同我兄弟一样学习努力.
用形容词表示类别和整体
the + 形容词 表示某种人.
He always helps the poor.
他经常帮助穷人.
I like to have a talk with the young.
我喜欢同年轻人谈话.
The rich sometimes complain their empty life.
富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活.
The police led the old man across the street.
警察领老人横过马路.
以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词.但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词.
改错：(错） She sang lovely.
（错） He spoke to me very friendly.
（对） Her singing was lovely.
（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词.
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表：
限定词+数量词（序数词在前,基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table
典型例题:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C.由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案.
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是：年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词.
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B.本题考查多个形容词的排序问题.