怎样辨别英语中 表语 宾语 定语 状语 等结构

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分.英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等.
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定.
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当.
He likes watch'ing TV. 他喜欢看电视.
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征.
一般可分为两类：
1),简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成.
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气.
We stud'y for the peo'ple. 我们为人民学习.
2),复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
I can speak a lit'tle Eng'lish. 我可以说一点英语.
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态.一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当.
My sis'ter is a nurse. 我姐姐是护士.
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等.
We like Eng'lish. 我们喜欢英语.
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语.
He gave me som'e ink. 他给了我一点墨水.
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语.如：
We make him our mon'itor. 我们选他当班长.
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语.
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等.形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面.
He is a new stu'dent. 他是个新生.
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后.
The bike in the room is mine. 房间里的自行车是我的.
6、状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语.用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等.状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾.副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首.
He lives in Lon'don. 他住在伦敦.
和
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1660246.html
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比如说
i love you.
i 就是主格,表示“我”这个人,及动作或是行为的发出,实施者.
you 即是宾格,表示“你”,是动作或是行为的接受者,表被动状态.
明白了吗
人称代词里的：主格放在句首做主语和表语,宾格放在句末或句中做动词和介词的宾语.
打个比方,主人邀请宾客,主格就像主人,宾格就像宾客.主格在动词前面,宾格在动词或介词后面.
英语中的人称代词(Personal Pronouns)有主格、宾格和之分,如：
I, me, my ; he, him, his ; they, them,their等.
顾名思义,主格(The nominative case)用作主语,宾格(The objective case)用作宾语,所有格(The possessive case)则表示所有之物.
在实际运用中,主格和宾格代词有时会混淆.下面是常见的问题：
⒈在复合结构里,人称代词的主格和宾格在单独使用时,没有问题,如很少人会犯下这样的错误：
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在复合结构中,错误就难免了,如：
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
*(5)This is between you and he.
这种错误是可避免的.第一,在有介词的复合结构中,特别要注意,第二个人称代词,必须用宾语,如："for you and me"和 "between Maria and him".第二,试把复合结构中的另一部分暂时用括号围起来,那么该用的格就容易辨别了,如：
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
显然的,(5)里的代词是宾格的"me", (6)里的代词是主格的"he".
⒉在比较结构里,连接词"as"或"than"后面,按理用主格式,但在口语中,人们常用宾格形式,学美式英语者,更是如此：
(8)a. You did as well as she.
b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he.
b. I am older than him.
(a)和(b)两种说法,都可接受.但如果"as"和"than"后头分句的主语和词动都要完整出现的话,这时的人称代词,就必须是主格,如下：
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外,还有一点要注意,就是"as"和"than"后面虽然在语法上用主格好,用宾格也可,但是有时意思会有所不同.试比较(a)和(b)：
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等于(13)a,而(12)b等于(13)B：
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
显然,这两句的深层意思大有差别.遇到这种情形,为了避免误解,不妨根据要表达的意思用完整的句式表达出来.换句话说,必要的话,要用(13)这句子.
不然,把(13)a变成(14), (13)b变成(15)也可：
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
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一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中.
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败.
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.
////////////一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来.这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中.
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后.
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
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